10. Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.

Today grammar is considered to be a system of contact connections both of morphemes (as the smallest meaningful units within the word) and sentences (as the largest meaningful units) within the speech complexes. That is why grammar is limited by the spheres of morphemes, words, sentences and speech complexes. We shall speak of morphology & syntax as about 2 parts of grammar.

The structure, classification and combinability of word is studied by a branch of linguistics called Morphology.

Syntax deals with the structure, classification & combinability of sentences.

The grammatical meaning of a word is not defined by its lexical meaning. The lexical meanings of such words as "a table", "a pen" are different but the grammatical meanings are the same because both of them are nouns of the same number & case, If we take such words as: Table - tables Pen - pens Chair - chairs

In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech,intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology).Morphological typology represents a method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in a language—from the analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative ("stuck-together") and fusional languages that use bound morphemes(affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which compress many separate morphemes into single words.(One of the definitions for Morphology)

While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, if not all, words can be related to other words by rules (grammars). For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related—differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate. Speakers of English (a fusional language) recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as catis to cats; similarly, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher, in one sense. The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific patterns, or regularities, in the way words are formed from smaller units and how those smaller units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.

In linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek σύνταξις "arrangement" from σύν syn, "together", andτάξις táxis, "an ordering") is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages".[1]

In addition to referring to the overarching discipline, the term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, for example in "the syntax of Modern Irish." Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules. Many professionals in this discipline attempt to find general rules that apply to all natural languages.