- •1. The Aim and Object of discipline Lexicology
- •Lexicology and linking branches of Linguistics.
- •The Research Methods of Lexicology.
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •The Main Lexical Units of the English language
- •Morphological Structure of the English words.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Suffixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Prefixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Conversion and its types.
- •Abbreviations: extra-linguistic and linguistic causes. Lexical abbreviations.
- •Abbreviations: The Origin of the word. Initial abbreviations.
- •Word-building: Sound and Stress interchange.
- •Word-building: Reduplication, Back formation.
- •Word-building: Blends.
- •Semasiology. Polysemantic English words.
- •17.Semantic Structure of English words.
- •18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
- •19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
- •20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
- •21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
- •22.Modern Borrowings in the English Language.
- •23.Classification of Borrowings.
- •Classification of Borrowings.
- •24.Homonyms. Classification of Homonyms
- •25.Euphemisms and its main characteristics
- •26.Neologisms and their different semantic groups
- •27.Phraseological Units and Idioms. Principles of Classification
- •28. Different Classifications of Phraseological Units
- •29. The British and American variants of the English.
- •30. Formal and Informal Styles of Speech
- •Vocabulary
- •The main functions of the phoneme.
- •The syllabic structure of English words.
- •Functional aspect of word stress.
- •Differences in the position of stress in English, Kazakh and Russian.
- •9.The main types of syllables.
- •10.Components of intonation.
- •Grammar as a science. Its aim and objects.
- •The Noun and its characteristic features as a part of speech.
- •The verb and its grammatical categories
- •The category of Voice.
- •The Pronoun. Classification of Pronouns.
- •The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison.
- •Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Word and morpheme as basic notions of Morphology.
- •The Numeral. Classification of Numerals.
- •The Article. Difficulties of the study of articles.
- •14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English
- •16. The secondary parts of the sentence.
- •18. The Adverb. Classification of Adverbs.
- •Compound and Complex sentences.
- •20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
Synonyms are one of the language's most important expressive means. The principal function of synonyms is to represent the same phenomenon in different aspects, shades and variations.
Synonyms can be defined as words of the same category parts of speech conveying the same concept and possessing one or more identical denotational meanings but different either in shade of meaning or in stylistic characteristics.
E.g-'- good-looking, pretty, attractive - adjectives describe a pleasant appearance; to win a victory - to gain a victory; homeland, motherland etc.
All synonymic groups have a "central" word whose meaning is equal to the denotation common to all synonymic groups. This word is called the dominant synonym. Here are examples of other the dominant synonyms with their groups: to surprise - to astonish - to amaze - to astound; to tremble - to shiver- to shudder- to shake.
The dominant synonym expresses the notion common to all synonyms of the group in the most general way without any additional information. So, any dominant synonym is a typical basic-vocabulary word, its meaning is broad and generalized, more or less "covers" the meanings of the rest of the synonyms. E.g.: to look instead of to glare, to stare, to peer, to peep.
Classification of Synonyms. The classification system of synonyms was established by V.V.Vinogradov, the famous Russian scholar. In his classification there are three types of synonyms:
Ideographic (words conveying the same concept but differing in shades of meaning), e.g. stool - chair, piece - lump - slice.
Stylistic (different in stylistic characteristics). Stylistic synonyms are similar in the denotational aspect of meaning, but different in the connotational aspect. Substituting one stylistic synonym for another result in an inadequate presentation of the situation of communication. The following examples of synonyms are differentiated by stylistic connotations of attendant features. For example, snack, bite, snap all denote a frugal meal taken in a hurry; refreshment is also a light meal; feast is rich or abundant meal.
Among stylistic synonyms Prof. Ch. F. Hockett points out a special group of words are called euphemisms. "There are words used to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words, e.g. the late instead of dead. There also phraseological synonyms: 'o get into a jam - to get into hot water - to get in trouble; phrasal verbs: to look like ~ to take after, to carry on - to go on — to continue [33, 104].
absolute (coinciding in all their shades of meaning), e.g.: big - large, homeland -motherland, small - little.
20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
Antonyms are words belonging to the same category of parts of speech and expressing contrary or contradictory notions.
Antonyms, from the Greek anti (opposite) and onoma (name) are word pairs that opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, fat and skinny.
Polysemantic words may have different antonyms depending on the meaning. For example, the adjective dull has the antonyms interesting, amusing, entertaining for its meaning of "deficient in interest", clever, bright, capable for its meaning of "deficient in intellect" and active for the meaning of "deficient in activity" etc.
Antonyms form mostly pairs, not groups like synonyms: above - below, absent
present, alike - different, bad-good.
Antonymy is not distributed among the categories of parts of speech. Most antonyms are adjectives they are only natural because qualitative characteristics are easily compared and contrasted. E.g.: high - low, old-young, wide - narrow, strong-weak etc.
Verbal pairs of antonyms are fewer in number. Here are some of them: to lose - to find, to open - to close, to accept - to reject etc.
Nouns are not rich in antonyms, but even so some examples can be given: good - evil, joy - grief, love - hatred, friend - enemy.
Antonymic adverbs can be subdivided into two groups: a) adverbs derived from adjectives: warmly - coldly, merrily - sadly, loudly - softly,; b) adverbs proper: now - then, here - there, ever - never, up - down.