- •1. The Aim and Object of discipline Lexicology
- •Lexicology and linking branches of Linguistics.
- •The Research Methods of Lexicology.
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •The Main Lexical Units of the English language
- •Morphological Structure of the English words.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Suffixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Prefixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Conversion and its types.
- •Abbreviations: extra-linguistic and linguistic causes. Lexical abbreviations.
- •Abbreviations: The Origin of the word. Initial abbreviations.
- •Word-building: Sound and Stress interchange.
- •Word-building: Reduplication, Back formation.
- •Word-building: Blends.
- •Semasiology. Polysemantic English words.
- •17.Semantic Structure of English words.
- •18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
- •19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
- •20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
- •21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
- •22.Modern Borrowings in the English Language.
- •23.Classification of Borrowings.
- •Classification of Borrowings.
- •24.Homonyms. Classification of Homonyms
- •25.Euphemisms and its main characteristics
- •26.Neologisms and their different semantic groups
- •27.Phraseological Units and Idioms. Principles of Classification
- •28. Different Classifications of Phraseological Units
- •29. The British and American variants of the English.
- •30. Formal and Informal Styles of Speech
- •Vocabulary
- •The main functions of the phoneme.
- •The syllabic structure of English words.
- •Functional aspect of word stress.
- •Differences in the position of stress in English, Kazakh and Russian.
- •9.The main types of syllables.
- •10.Components of intonation.
- •Grammar as a science. Its aim and objects.
- •The Noun and its characteristic features as a part of speech.
- •The verb and its grammatical categories
- •The category of Voice.
- •The Pronoun. Classification of Pronouns.
- •The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison.
- •Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Word and morpheme as basic notions of Morphology.
- •The Numeral. Classification of Numerals.
- •The Article. Difficulties of the study of articles.
- •14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English
- •16. The secondary parts of the sentence.
- •18. The Adverb. Classification of Adverbs.
- •Compound and Complex sentences.
- •20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
17.Semantic Structure of English words.
Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect (its sound form) and the inner aspect (its meaning) . Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language. E.g. the word «temple» may denote «a part of a human head» and «a large church» In such cases we have homonyms. One and the same word in different syntactical relations can develop different meanings, e.g. the verb «treat» in sentences:
a) He treated my words as a joke.
b) The book treats of poetry.
c) They treated me to sweets.
d) He treats his son cruelly.
In all these sentences the verb «treat» has different meanings and we can speak about polysemy.
A word having several meanings is called polysemantic, Most English words are polysemantic, and the ability of words to have more than one meaning is described by the term polysemy.
The semantic structure of a polysemantic word can be distinguished between two levels of analysis:
On the first level the semantic structure is presented by different meaning as the main or primary meanings stands in the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it like rays. Each secondary meaning can be traced to the primary meaning.
Eg: in the word face the primary meaning denotes “the front part of head”. Connected with the front position the meanings were formed: the front part of a watch, the front part of a playing card. Connected with the word face itself the meanings: expression of the face, outward appearance are formed.
The second level of analysis is determined as the semantic components within each separate meaning, where some semantic structures are arranged on different principles. In the following list of meanings of the adjective dull one can hardly find a generalized meaning covering and holding together the rest of the semantic structure. Eg : DULL, adj
a dull book, a dull film - uninteresting, boring
a dull pupil – stupid
a dull weather, a dull day, a dull color – not clear or bright
a dull sound – nor loud or distinct
a dull knife – not sharp
dull eyes – seeing badly
dull ears – hearing baldy
As we see from this structure the adj DULL with the different nouns forming new word-groups like a chain which are distinguished into separate meanings.
18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
The main interest semantic aspect of compound words is the question of correlation of the separate meanings of the constituent parts and the actual meaning of the compounds. The semantic structure of compounds can be divided into two groups: a) non-idiomatic compounds; b) idiomatic compounds.
The first groups of compounds represent meanings which can be described as the sum of their constituent meanings. (It means that these compounds haven't changes in their meanings, it is easily to guess.). E.g.: classroom, bedroom, raincoat, nightdress, dancing-hall, changing-room (room in a shop).
The compounds which meanings do not correspond to the separate meanings of their constituent (main) parts are called idiomatic compounds.
Idiomatic compounds can be divided into two types: a) partial (non complete) changed meaning; b) total (complete) changed meaning. In the first type of compounds one of the components has changed its meaning. In this type of compound words we see the process of change of meaning.
E.g.: a blackboard, a blackbird, lady-killer, chatter-box, blackberries.
For example, the compound a blackbird conveys only one concept: the type of bird. This is one of the main features of any compound word.
The second type of compounds it is a process of complete change of meaning or the key semantic aspect has been lost. E.g.: a ladybird, tallboy, bluestocking, bluebottle, butter-fingers.
A ladybird is not a bird, but insect; tallboy is not a boy, but a piece of furniture; bluestocking is a person who dedicates his life to science, bluebottle - it is not a bottle, it is an insect; butter-fingers is a clumsy person often has accidents, because they are not careful.
So, we have regarded three groups of compounds based on different semantic meanings.