- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
1.9.1.Introduction.
A short note of a software tools being used for design renewable energy systems is presented in this chapter. One of the advanced and powerful applications – POLYSUN of Vela Solaris (Switzerland) is described in details. Documents such as „POLYSUN Simulation Software – HELP” and „POLYSUN Simulation Software-USER MANUAL”, included within application package, were used during writing this chapter. The author’s own experience gained during giving lectures „Solar Energy”, „Alternative source of energy” was used also. The material presented here is dedicated to the students starting with design solar energy systems on the POLYSUN platform.
1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
To design optimal and economic construction of solar system is not an easy task. The inclusion of multiple parameters of many elements of the solar system requires the use of complex algorithms. Therefore, there are a number of applications that help engineers in designing, simulating and analyzing more or less complex renewable energy systems. Due to the complexity of the applications we divide them into calculators, spreadsheets and complex engineering applications such as CAD. Solar calculators are software tools for the calculation of basic characteristics of a system based on a simple algorithm. They are the domain of companies producing solar panels and PV modules as well as the companies selling and installing specially prepared solar kits. Using the calculator, the client can get an idea of how much profit a system will bring, what will be its cost etc. Solar calculators are usually created as the applications running on the website of the manufacturer. There are a number of such applications created for smartphones and tablets for Android and iOS systems.
One of many online calculators of solar collector system offers a Panasonic Solar company: http://eu-solar.panasonic.net/en/service/solar-calculator/. In few steps a user can get information about a yield of the solar system possible to be installed on the roof of his house.
Fig. 1.9.1 The view of Online solar calculator.
Software for solar collector systems:
Online Solar Calculator: http://eu-solar.panasonic.net/en/service/solar-calculator/
FreeHotWater: http://www.freehotwater.com/solar-calculators/
Viessman solar calculator (in Polish): http://www.kotly.pl/doborkolektora/kolektor.swf
Software for photovoltaic systems design:
Much more software for photovoltaic systems is possible to find in internet.
A short description of many applications used for design of photovoltaic systems can be find on the web page: http://photovoltaic-software.com/professional.php .
The list of such software and link to software is presented in the table below:
Title |
URL |
PV Watts |
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/pvwatts/version1/ |
Solar design tool |
http://get.solardesigntool.com/ |
Solar Panels UK |
http://www.solarpanelsuk.co.uk/solar-pv-calculator.php |
DDS-CAD |
http://www.dds-cad.pl/ |
Archelios PRO |
http://archelios.com |
PV-Design-PRO |
http://www.mauisolarsoftware.com/ |
INSEL |
http://www.insel.eu/ |
PV Designer Solmetric |
http://www.solmetric.com |
PV F-CHART |
http://www.fchart.com |
PVOptimize |
http://www.pvoptimize.com |
Kerychip |
http://kerychip.dk/silicium/viewpage.php?page_id=18 |
PVscout 2.0 Premium |
http://www.solarschmiede.de/en/software/pvscout-20-premium |
PV*SOL (GE) |
http://www.valentin.de/en |
PVSYST |
http://www.pvsyst.com |
PLAN4SOLAR PV |
http://www.gascad.at/index.php/en/produkte/photovoltaik |
SOLAR PRO |
http://www.lapsys.co.jp/english/products/pro.html |
SOLERGO (IT) & Ampere |
http://www.electrographics.it/eng/soluzioni-progettazione-fotovoltaica.htm |
PVGIS Estimation Utility |
http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php |
Energy Saving Trust - Solar Energy Calculator |
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Solar-panels-PV/Solar-Energy-Calculator |
SMA Sunny Design |
http://www.sma.de/en/products/software/sunny-design.html |
In Balance Energy - Solar PV System Sizing & Yield Calculator |
http://www.inbalance-energy.co.uk/articles/solar_panels_pv_calculator.html |
As we can see an applications are rather specific only for design a systems of one type i.e. solar collector, photovoltaic or heat pump. There is an application integrating many kinds of renewable energy systems into one platform. This is POLYSUN Vela Solaris simulation software. To try possibilities of POLYSUN a user can test an online version of software: http://www.polysunonline.com/PsoPublic/app/home/access. It is limited to the possible locations and system diagrams. Report of analysis is send via email.
Commercial version of the POLYSUN has no limits mentioned above.
