- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
Phase change material |
Type of product |
Melting point (°C) |
Heat of fusion (kJ/kg) |
Source |
RT 20 |
Paraffin |
22 |
172 |
Rubitherm GmBH |
Climsel C23 |
Salt hydrate |
23 |
148 |
Climator |
Climsel C24 |
Salt hydrate |
24 |
216 |
Climator |
RT 26 |
Paraffin |
25 |
131 |
Rubitherm GmBH |
RT 25 |
Paraffin |
26 |
232 |
Rubitherm GmBH |
STL 27 |
Salt hydrate |
27 |
213 |
Mitsubishi chemical |
S27 |
Salt hydrate |
27 |
207 |
Cristopia |
RT 30 |
Paraffin |
28 |
206 |
Rubitherm GmBH |
RT 27 |
Paraffin |
28 |
179 |
Rubitherm GmBH |
TH 29 |
Salt hydrate |
29 |
188 |
TEAP |
Climsel C32 |
Salt hydrate |
32 |
212 |
Climator |
RT 32 |
Paraffin |
31 |
130 |
Rubitherm GmBH |
Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
material |
Melting point (°C) |
Heat of fusion (kJ/kg) |
Sensible heat solid/liquid (kJ/kg·K) |
Heat conductivity (W/m·K) |
Density (kg/l) |
Volume expansion (%) |
Heat storage capacity (kJ/ball) (diameter 100mm) |
Heat storage capacity (kWh/m3)
|
E21 |
21 |
150 |
0.68 |
0.43 |
1.48 |
8-9 |
116 |
32.4 |
E23 |
23 |
155 |
0.69 |
0.43 |
1.475 |
8-9 |
119 |
33.3 |
E28 |
28 |
193 |
2.22 |
0.21 |
0.769 |
8-9 |
101 |
28.2 |
E30 |
30 |
201 |
0.69 |
0.48 |
1.304 |
8-9 |
137 |
38.3 |
E32 |
32 |
186 |
0.78 |
0.51 |
1.460 |
8-9 |
142 |
39.8 |
A32 |
32 |
145 |
2.20 |
0.21 |
0.845 |
9-10 |
95 |
26.6 |
E44 |
44 |
105 |
1.61 |
0.43 |
1.584 |
8-9 |
87 |
24.3 |
E48 |
48 |
201 |
0.70 |
0.45 |
1.670 |
8-9 |
151 |
49.1 |
E50 |
50 |
104 |
1.59 |
0.43 |
1.601 |
8-9 |
87 |
24.4 |
E58 |
58 |
167 |
2.55 |
0.69 |
1.505 |
8-9 |
151 |
36.7 |
E71 |
71 |
123 |
1.86 |
0.51 |
1.690 |
8-9 |
109 |
30.4 |
E72 |
72 |
140 |
2.13 |
0.58 |
1.666 |
8-9 |
122 |
34.0 |
E83 |
83 |
152 |
2.31 |
0.62 |
1.600 |
8-9 |
127 |
35.5 |
E89 |
89 |
163 |
2.48 |
0.67 |
1.550 |
8-9 |
132 |
37.0 |
E117 |
117 |
169 |
2.61 |
0.70 |
1.450 |
8-9 |
128 |
35.8 |
A164 |
164 |
306 |
- |
- |
1.500 |
9-10 |
240 |
67.1 |
E- materials on the bases of salt hydrates; A – materials on the basis of alkane/aliphatic solutions.