- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
Content
Contributors 3
Executive summary 9
Introduction 10
1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
1.1. Cogeneration 12
1.1.1. Introduction 12
1.1.2. Performance indices of cogeneration systems 13
1.1.3. Types of cogeneration systems 15
1.1.4. Distributed energy resources 34
References 40
1.2. Smart metering concept 41
1.2.1. Introduction 41
1.2.2. Communication concept of smart metering 42
1.2.2.1. Customer domain 43
1.2.2.2. Critical infrastructure energy domain 44
1.2.2.3. The utility business market communication domain 45
1.2.2.4. Third parties services - data analysis 46
1.2.3. Wireless sensor networks in smart metering 48
1.2.3.1. Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks 48
1.2.3.2. Examples of application of wireless sensor networks 50
1.2.4. Security issues 51
1.2.5. The future of smart metering 53
1.3. Energy from biomass 56
1.3.1. Biomass conversion technologies 58
1.4. Energy Storage 84
1.4.1. Introduction 84
1.4.2. Classification of energy storage technologies 84
1.4.3. Characteristics of energy storage techniques 87
1.4.4. Direct electric storage 92
1.4.5. Electrochemical energy storage 92
1.4.6. Mechanical energy storage 94
1.4.7. Thermal energy storage 100
References 115
1.5. Waste heat recovery 117
1.5.1. Characteristics of waste heat 118
1.5.2. Waste heat recovery systems 125
References 143
1.6. Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste 144
1.6.1. Introduction 145
1.6.2. Pyrolysis 151
1.6.3. 1.2 Torrefaction 155
1.6.4. 1.3 Fast pyrolysis 158
1.6.5. 1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis 161
1.6.6. 1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis 163
1.7. Gasification 172
1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel 181
1.9. Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises. 186
1.9.1. Introduction. 186
1.9.2. A software for design renewable energy systems. 186
1.9.3. Description of the POLYSUN platform 189
1.9.3.1. POLYSUN modules 189
1.9.3.2. User Interface 190
1.9.4. Creating a project 195
1.9.4.1. Design steps of the simple solar system. 198
1.9.4.2. Design steps of the PV system. 201
1.9.5. Result analysis and reports 202
1.9.5.1. The results of simulation 204
1.9.5.2. Reports 210
1.9.6. Literature 211
Conclusion 212
2. Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy 213
2.1. OPF problem formulation for distribution networks 215
2.1.1. Objective function 216
2.1.2. Constraints 217
2.2. DC transmission systems 250
3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry 300
3.1. Waste heat utilization technologies 322
4. Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector 369
4.1. Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps. 370
5. Supercapacitors 445
5.1. Supercapacitor energy storage 446
5.1.1. Introduction 446
5.1.2. Supercapacitor design 451
5.1.3. Supercapacitor energy storage systems 455
5.1.4. Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system 460
5.1.5. ESS scaling 466
5.1.6. Conclusions 474
5.1.7. Tasks 475
References 477
5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies 480
5.2. Introduction 481
5.3. Legistlative base mandatory for EU Member states 484
5.4. Legistlative base non - mandatory for EU Member states 489
ZEP (Zero Emissions Platform ) 493
5.5. EU supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies 494
5.6. ISO 50001 - Energy management 498
5.7. Conclusions 499
References 500