8. Rewrite the following text and translate 1-3 paragraphs of the text. What is cybernetics?

Cybernetics is hard to define. The word "Cybernetics" is known to have originated from the Greek — meaning control. Cybernetics was defined by Wiener as "the science of control and communication, in the animal and the machine, coordination, regulation and control being its themes".

Scientists know cybernetics to be a theory of "machines", and it treats not things but ways of behaving. It does not ask: "What is this thing?" but "What does it do?"

Cybernetics started by being closely associated in many ways with physics. It deals with all forms of "behaviour" in so far as they are regular or determinant, or reproducible. It takes as its subject matter the domain of "all possible machines". What cybernetics offers is the framework on which all individual machines may be ordered, related and understood. It is known to have found many applications in different fields of science, technique and economics. It should be kept in mind that it offers a single vocabulary and single set of concepts suitable for representing the most diverse types of systems.

Cybernetics offers one set of correspondences with each branch science can thereby bring them into exact relation with one another. It has been found repeatedly in science that the discovery, which two branches are related leads to each branch helping in the development of the other, the result being often a markedly accelerated growth of both. The infinitesimal calculus and astronomy, the virus and the protein molecules are examples that come to mind. Cybernetics is likely to reveal a great number of interesting and suggestive parallelisms between machine and brain and society. It can provide the common language by which discoveries in the branch can readily be made use of in the others.

Thus, cybernetics provides effective methods for the study, and control of systems that are intrinsically extremely complex. One the function of cybernetics is to study the new techniques that are needed in order to enable the scientists to cope with the increasingly complex problems. It deals with ways of making machines; computers and systems operate similarly to the human brain or other biological systems in spite of the brain's being far more efficient than computers in solving certain problems.

Notes to the text:

framework — структура;

infinitesimal calculus — безмежно маленьке обчислення.

9. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the word “cybernetics” originate from?

2. How did Wiener define the cybernetics?

3. What does cybernetics offer?

4. Where has cybernetics found many applications?

ІІ курс ІІ семестр

ВАРІАНТ 3

1. Complete these sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form: -ing or infinitive (with or without “to”).

1. It’s nice to be with other people, but sometimes I enjoy (be) alone.

2. Will you promise (not, be) late?

3. I don’t want to miss (see) that documentary on TV tonight.

4. Where did you learn (sign) like that?

5. I can’t make myself (understand) in English.

2. Find sentence in which the modal verb is used to express probability and underline it. Translate the sentences.

1. I might be going to Bukovel in winter.

2. The manufactures informed the buyers that they could deliver the machines within four months.

3. You shouldn’t smoke in the classroom.

4. The device may not work.

3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice.

1. The steamer is being unloaded by the workers.

2. While my brother was riding on the bus, his wallet was stolen.

3. The broken rear window has been fixed by the mechanics of the shop.

4. The goods will be shipped tomorrow.

4. Define the type of the Conditional clauses and translate them.

1. Had I seen him yesterday, I would have spoken with him about this machine.

2. Were he in town I would call him.

3. If I knew his address I would write to him.

4. I am sure she would understand if you explained the situation.

5. What would you do if you were bitten by a dog?

5. Fill in each blank with “would have” or “wouldn’t have” and correct form of the verb.

1. If I had seen that “stop” sign, I certainly (drive) ___ through it.

2. If they hadn’t used the wrong ingredients, your cookies (be) ___ softer.

3. If the alarm clock had rung, she (be) ___ late for work.

4. If she had known it was going to rain, she (take) ___ her umbrella to work.

6. Give the Ukrainian equivalents of the following “noun + noun” constructions:

Transition period, industrial management, sport facilities, piece-work cycle, work unit, power metallurgy, plasma technology, machine breakage, research establishment, electron tube, speed regulation, radar device, square inch, jet plane, tape recorder.

7. Form new words with the following suffixes and translate them.

- al	dispose, dismiss, withdraw, renew
-ly	slow, quick, near, close
-ful	hope, rest, help, power
- ment	achieve, employ, advance, treat