Brewing

British, European, and American beers differ markedly in flavor and content, but are brewed similarly. In the U.S., where the word beer is generally understood to mean lager beer (beer stored for a time before being sold), the beverage contains on the average 90 percent water, 3.5 percent alcohol by weight, 0.5 percent carbon dioxide, and 6 percent extractives consisting of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and aromatic flavorings. It is produced by bottom-fermenting yeasts, that is, yeasts that settle to the bottom, act slowly, and develop the brew at relatively low temperatures.

Bock beer, high in flavor and alcoholic content, is brewed during the winter for consumption in the spring. In certain localities the composition of the water is especially favorable for producing a distinctive type of beer. Such brews are frequently named for their cities of origin, for example, Munich, Pilsener, or Milwaukee beer.

III. Answer the questions.

1. What is lager beer?

2. How much water does beer usually contain?

3. What do extractives consist of?

4. When is bock beer brewed?

Text 3 History

I. Words to be remembered.

1) to deteriorate 2) storage 3) adaptable 4) ancient 5) a staple 6) large-scale 7) to encourage 8) strong alcoholic beverage 9) restriction 10) to prohibit 11) intoxicating beverage 12) amendment 13) to repeal 14) manufacture 15) distribution 16) licensing 17) retailer 18) tax 19) to levy

ухудшать(ся), портить(ся) хранение адаптируемый, приспособляемый древний главный продукт или один из главных продуктов, производимых в данном районе крупномасштабный поощрять, содействовать крепкий алкогольный напиток ограничение запрещать хмельной напиток поправка аннулировать, отменять (закон, резолюцию, приговор и т. п.) производство распределение, распространение выдача лицензии, лицензирование розничный торговец налог взимать (налог), облагать (налогом)

II. Read and translate the text.

History

Beer has always been a popular beverage because it does not deteriorate during long periods of storage and is adaptable to all climates. With various names and in many forms it has been produced from the earliest times. It was made in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece. At first brewed in the home or in monasteries, beer had become a commercial product in Europe by the late Middle Ages. In modern times it is a staple large-scale manufacture in almost all industrialized countries, especially in Great Britain, Germany, the Czech Republic, and the United States.

In the New World, the art of brewing was practiced by the Native Americans before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. The first Europeans to brew beer in America were the Virginia colonists of 1587. Manufacture of beer was encouraged in early colonial laws in America as a means of reducing the consumption of stronger alcoholic beverages. This traditional policy was generally followed in the laws of the various states and the federal government until World War I.

Under wartime restrictions the brewing of beer was first limited and then prohibited. Beer containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol was included in the prohibition of intoxicating beverages by legislation under the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Congress legalized beer containing 3.5 percent alcohol in March 1933, and eight months later the Prohibition amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment. Laws of the individual states regulate the manufacture, distribution, and sale of beer within their jurisdictions and provide for the licensing of brewers, distributors, and retailers. Direct taxes are levied on beer by all states and the federal government.

III. Insert the right word and translate the sentences.

1. Beer is … to all climates.

2. Beer was first … in the home or monasteries.

3. At present brewing is a …, large-scale manufacture.

4. The art of … was practiced by the Native Americans.

5. Under wartime … the brewing of beer was prohibited.

6. Laws of the state … the manufacture of beer.