- •Introduction
- •Unit I. The Gerund What is the Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle I and the Verbal Noun?
- •Grammatical categories of the Gerund
- •Syntactical functions of the Gerund
- •Unit II. Gerundial Constructions
- •Unit III. The Participle I
- •Grammatical categories of the Participle I
- •Syntactical functions of the Participle I
- •Unit IV. Participle II (Past Participle)
- •The Functions of the Participle II in the Sentence
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •Parenthesis
- •Dangling or Misrelated Participle
- •Unit V. Constructions with the Participle
- •The Objective Participial Construction (opc)
- •The Subjective Participial Construction (spc)
- •The Absolute Participial Construction (apc)
- •Unit VI. Participle I or Participle II Review Exercises
- •Unit VII. The Infinitive
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •The Particle “to”.
- •The use of the infinitive without the particle “to” (The bare infinitive)
- •The Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive.
- •2A. The infinitive as part of a predicative.
- •Phrasal.
- •5. The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as adverbial modifier
- •The infinitive as parenthesis.
- •Revision
- •Unit VIII. Infinitive Constructions
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •Ways of translating the construction into Russian
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Revision
- •Review of Non-Finite Forms
- •Список литературы
- •153003, Г.Иваново, ул. Рабфаковская, 34.
Syntactical functions of the Participle I
The Participle I can be used in the sentence as:
1. Adverbial modifier (обстоятельство). The Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier of:
manner or attendant circumstances
He bowed low and taking my hand kissed it.
cause
Being slightly deaf the name had not come clearly to her.
time
Having done this he got up and went over to the window.
In this function the Participle I can be preceded by conjunctions when, while which are not translated into Russian.
While crossing the street, he heard somebody call out to him. – Когда он переходил улицу, то услышал, как кто-то окликнул его по имени.
condition
If being told what to do they will certainly try to help you.
concession
Though having started rather late they arrived at the appointed place on time.
comparison
He left me suddenly as if desiring to stop any talk.
parenthetical clause (вводное предложение)
Frankly speaking I can’t approve of his behaviour.
part of a nominal predicate (часть именного сказуемого)
The news was alarming.
Attribute (определение).
We were like two children preparing for celebrating Christmas.
The Participle I in the perfect form can not be used in this function. We should use the subordinate clause instead of it.
Everybody knows the name of the man who made that discovery. (not the man having made)
Ex. 4. Define the form and the syntactical function of Participle I. Translate the sentences into Russian.
I felt suddenly small standing beside those immense walls of stone.
My father and I spent an hour or so taking our materials to that room.
He stood for a while holding my hands.
I was very pensive considering it.
He listened to me almost like a child hanging on my words.
He leaned across the table twisting a bit of bread off the roll on his plate.
“I am so glad to see you again,” said Mrs Oliver going into the house and being led into a small sitting-room.
They are in love with each other and wish to marry. But there are difficulties being put in their way.
He thought the woman was satisfied with life as she had lived it, enjoying the pleasures and suffering the sorrows life brings.
They didn’t know a good many families being the sort of class they were.
She spent a good deal of her time on clothes not ever being sure where true elegance lay.
Being an orphan at six, he was brought up by a distant relative.
Having admitted she loved him she was frightened.
Generally speaking, the problem is not so easy as it seems to be.
Ex.5. Translate the following into English using the Participle I as an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances.
Она сидела, уставившись прямо перед собой.
Вокруг сидело несколько человек, они ели сандвичи и курили.
Она долго лежала и плакала.
Мы стояли и ждали, когда откроются двери.
Они сидели и разговаривали о планах на будущее.
Я посидел там немного, просто наблюдая людей.
Они оба остановились, прислушиваясь к голосам на лестнице.
Джек покачал головой, выражая свое несогласие.
Я лежал в постели и думал об этом весь день.
Он смотрел на подарки, не веря своим глазам.
Он ходил по дому, тихо улыбаясь.
Ex.6. Translate the following into English using the Participle I as an attribute.
В вагоне был только один старик, который читал газету.
Дик налетел на молодую женщину, выходившую из магазина.
Посмотри, вон автобус останавливается.
Я встретил Сида, который возвращался из города.
Терраса была заполнена женщинами, которые пили чай.
На столе его ждало письмо.
Он получил телеграмму, в которой сообщалось, что у его тетки случился удар.
Дрожащими пальцами я пристегнул часы.
Они попрощались и сели в ожидавшую машину.
Женщина посмотрела на спящего ребенка.
Как раз тогда он услышал бегущие шаги.