- •What is translation? Translation as an interaction of languages, as a communication phenomenon, as a process.
- •What are the stages of translation? Why is verification important?
- •Translation according to transformational approach, denotative approach, communicational approach.
- •Approach priorities depending on the type of translation (oral/written)
- •5. Translation equivalence.
- •Unit of translation.
- •Stylistic peculiarities of translation.
- •Transformations in translation.
- •Grammatical translation problems in the pair English-Russian.
- •Basic translation devices: Partitioning, integration, transposition.
- •Basic translation devices: Antonymous translation, replacement, addition/omission.
- •Factors influencing the choice of equivalents.
- •Simultaneous interpretation.
- •Consecutive interpretation.
- •Translation and interpretation: the difference and the similarities.
- •Text compression and text development as basic interpretation devices.
- •Equivalent-lacking words, forms and structures, translator’s false friends and their translation.
- •Translating phraseological units.
- •By choosing absolute or complete equivalents
- •Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents
- •Translation by choosing (genuine idiomatic) analogies
- •4. Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies
- •5. Descriptive translating of ph.Units
- •20. Translating stylistic devices.
Basic translation devices: Antonymous translation, replacement, addition/omission.
Antonymic translation is a complex transformation in which an affirmative in sense or structure SL unit is rendered as a negative in sense or structure but identical in meaning TL unit or vice versa.
It is a complex transformation, which describes the situation from the opposite point of view. (2nd definition)
Take it easy. – Не переймайся. (an affirmative SL unit corresponds to a negative TL unit)
Немає лиха без добра. – Every dark cloud has a silver lining.
I mean it! – Я не жартую!
Replacement is a universal and widely used translation device. One may even say that replacements in that or another form are observed in any translation from the source language to the target language. Replacement-various meanings relating to a feature of word processors.
Replacement is any change in the target text at the morphologi¬cal, lexical and syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements of target paradigms.
Addition (додавання) – is the introduction of some additional lexical components to the TL text.
He began a new book. – Він почав читати/ писати/ перекладати нову книгу (додавання нового слова, не конкретизація)
oil countries – країни-експортери нафти
They signed a cease(-)fire. – Вони підписали договір про припинення вогню.
Omission (випущення, вилучення) – is the reduction of some excessive elements in the process of translation.
Я себе добре почуваю. – I feel well.
договір про припинення вогню – cease-fire
pollution and environmental damage – шкода, завдана навколишньому середовищу (pollution – omission, завдана - addition)
bold and courageous struggle – мужня боротьба (т.я. це синоніми, для англ.мови це х-терно=>1 слово слід випустити, будь-яке)
Factors influencing the choice of equivalents.
Translation equivalents in a dictionary are just the prompts for the translator. One may find a proper equivalent only in speech due to the context, situation and background knowledge.
the choice o f translation equivalents depends on the context, situation
and background information.
Thus, the main factors are context, situation and background information.
They are well-known, but, regrettably, their definitions by various scholars
substantially differ.
In simple words a context may be defined as a length of speech (text) necessary to clarify the meaning of a given word.
The ambiguity of a language makes it necessary to use situation and context to properly generate and understand a message (i. e. encode and decode it) since translation according to communicational approach is decoding and encoding in two languages the significance of situation and context for translation cannot be overestimated.
There is another factor also to be taken into account in communication and, naturally, in translation. This factor is background information, i. e. general awareness of the subject of communication.