1. What is Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency responsible for?

a) The cost of medicines.

b) Safety, quality and efficacy.

c) Produce the medicines.

2. What is the main idea of the text?

a) The generic name is the official medical name for the active ingredient of the medicine.

b) Generic medicines are cheaper than brand-name medicines.

c) Pharmacist must differentiate generic medicines from brand-name medicines.

Part VIII. Grammar

В английском языке инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject («сложное подлежащее») - можно опознать по структуре предложения и принадлежности сказуемого к одной из двух указанных ниже групп глаголов:

Перевод на русский язык предложений, содержащих инфинитивный оборот Complex Subject

При переводе таких предложений соблюдается единый принцип: подлежащее должно соединяться не со сказуемым, а с инфинитивом, который в русском предложении будет соответствовать сказуемому.

Example: The particles appear to be suspended in the air. - Кажется, что частички подвешены в воздухе.

Глаголы-сказуемые, участвующие в образовании инфинитивного оборота «сложное подлежащее»

СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИИ COMPLEX SUBJECT
СЛУЧАЙ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ	ПРИМЕР
1. С глаголами чувственного восприятия (to hear слышать, to see видеть, to watch наблюдать, смотреть, to feel чувствовать, to observe наблюдать, to notice замечать) в действительном залоге. После этих глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.	Birds were heard to sing in the garden. - Было слышно, как птицы поют в саду.
2. С глаголами, обозначающими умственную деятельность (to know знать, to think думать, to consider, to believe, to suppose думать, полагать, to expect ожидать, to imagine представлять, to find находить, узнавать, to trust верить, to assume допускать, предполагать) в действительном залоге. После этих глаголов в составе конструкции очень часто используется глагол to be.	They are supposed to come later. - Полагают, что они придут позже.
3. После глаголов, обозначающих приказ или разрешение, принуждение (to order приказывать, to allow, to permit позволять, to suffer неохотно позволять, to have распоряжаться, to make, to have, to get, to force, to cause распоряжаться, приказывать, заставлять и др.) в действительном залоге	I was made to help him. - Меня заставили помогать ему.
4. С глаголами в значении сообщения: to say говорить, to report сообщать, to state утверждать	He is said to have returned at last. - Говорят, что он наконец вернулся.
5. В действительном залоге с глаголами to seem казаться (по-видимому), to happen случаться (случается, случалось), to prove доказывать (оказывается, оказалось), to be likely вероятно, to be unlikely вряд ли, to be sure, to be certain быть уверенным (наверняка), to turn out оказываться (оказалось).	Не proved to be a doctor. - Оказалось, что он (действительно) врач.

Exercise 22: Put verbs into a right form:

1. Chromatography (to believe) to have extended our knowledge of biochemistry.

2. Antibiotic substances (to suppose) to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

3. These substances (to sure) to be sharply differentiated from one another.

4. Sodium and potassium compounds (to believe) to be widely distributed in nature.

5. А supersaturated solution (to know) to be a solution with the excess of the solute.

6. Proteins (to sure) to be highly complex compounds elaborated by living cells.

7. The absorption of acetylsalicylic acid (to know) to be lower than that of salicylamide.

8. Vitamin A (to sure) to be synthesized by at least three separate processes.

9. She (to expect) to come soon.

10. Не (to say) to know several foreign languages.

11. Proteins (to know) to be highly complex compounds elaborated by living cells.

12. The intermediate substances (to know) to be very important.

13. Many proteins (to sure) to coagulate by heat.

14. This drug (to say) to be more effective than its predecessor.

15. The resulting solution (to say) to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment.

Exercise 23: Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1. The levels were found to be unaltered.

2. The results presented here seem to support the views described above.

3. Environmental factors are known to be of significance.

4. The process appears to be similar to that observed in neutrophils.

5. Additional studies are required to determine the precise role of protein.

6. Macrophages appear to be the first cells to interact with the arterial wall in marked hypercholesteremia.

7. Coronary patients have now been established to be at increased risk of cardiac mortality.

8. The cell happened to have divided during the experiment.

9. The factors are known to be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis.

10. This phenomenon has been found to have a wide occurrence.

11. This group of patients appears to represent a unique subgroup with anticardiolipin syndrome.

12. Human milk seems to be able to prevent sensitization to other foreign proteins as well.

13. Goat's milk has been proved to be good for eyes owning to the rich presence of vitamin A.

14. Combination therapy with aspirin and dipyramidole has been reported to reduce platelet deposition in patients with some grafts.

15. After vitamin injections some patients seem to have improved.

16. He was known to have had a hernia for many years.

Exercise 24: Paraphrase the sentences using The Complex Subject.

Model: It is said that the rash is often associated with itching. → The rash is said to be often associated with itching.

1. It is known that the patient takes Donnotal as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.

2. It is reported that each tablet of K-phos neutral contains 853 mg sodium phosphate, 155 mg monobasic potassium phosphate and 130 mg monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate.

3. It is mentioned that the dosage of Massengill was provided as a single unite concentrate to be added to sanitized water supplied in a disposable bottle.

4. It is said that Inderal is a white crystalline solid which is readily soluble in water and ethanol.

5. It is considered that Blenoxane is indicated in the management of the following neoplasm either as a single agent in combination with other approved chemotherapeutic agents.

6. It was proved that the tablets triturates were punched not of a parent mold with a multicoated gadget which fitted over and into mold proper.

7. It was believed that the oldtime pharmacists were very familiar with making of globular masses of medical substances.

8. People consider the climate there to be very healthful.

9. It is expected that the performance will be a success.

10. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young.

11. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year.

12. It was reported that five ships were missed after the battle.

13. It appeared that he was losing patience.

14. It happened that I was present at the opening session.

15. It turned out that my prediction was correct.

16. It seems they know all about it.

17. It seems they have heard all about it.

Exercise 25: Translate the sentences into English.

1. Известно, что вода является одним из лучших растворителей.

2. Полагают, что этот вопрос не был полностью изучен раннее.

3. Оказывается, что эти ученые работают над совершенствованием (perfection) новых методов исследования твердых веществ.

4. Показано, что нано трубки обладают рядом ценных свойств.

5. По-видимому, это направление исследования является актуальным и перспективным.

6. Известно, что эти ученые разработали новый эффективный способ очистки воды.

7. Установлено, что автомобили являются основными источниками загрязнения воздуха в больших городах.

8. Пучки (bundles) нано трубок, по имеющимся оценкам (estimate), обладают в 50 раз большей прочностью по сравнению со сталью.

9. Хорошее знание органической химии, несомненно, оказывает большую помощь (to be of a great help) при разработке методов синтеза органических веществ.

10. Стивен обязательно выиграет эту олимпиаду.

11. Предполагают, что Аня выступит на конференции.

12. Боб, наверное, нам поможет. Он наверняка нам поможет.

13. Полагают, что они уехали вчера.

14. По-видимому, переговоры (talks) закончатся завтра.

15. Полагают, что эта работа была выполнена успешно.

Exercise 26: Make up sentences.

1. To be delivered, on Saturday, the letter, is expected.

2. We, the job, right away, are supposed, to do.

3. Was found, behaviour, Nora's to be suspicions, son.

4. Company, to be pleasant, was considered, Constance.

5. Today, to be announced, the news is expected.

6. Your team, to win, the game, was expected.

7. To have mode, our head engineer, an important discovery, was known.

8. This, of, to, unlikely, is great, be, importance, fact.

9. Have, to, said, to, are, come, to conference, the delegates.

10. Writing, be, is, a new, to, likely, book, he.

11. To, the question, able, be, at, thought, are, to, they, once, solve.

12. Life, Earth, thought, is, to, from, to, have, been, brought, space.

13. Peter, said, a student, talented, is, to, be.

14. He, about, know, little, seems, to, it.

15. They, expected, arrive, tomorrow, are, to.

16. Не, be, is, good, doctor, said, to, a.

Exercise 27: Open the brackets, using the proper form of infinitive.

1. He seems (to read) a lot.

2. He seems (to read) now.

3. He seems (to read) all the books in the library.

4. We expect (to be) back in two days.

5. We expected (to help) by the teacher.

6. I am sorry (to break) your pen.

7. The children seem (to play) since morning.

8. I want (to take) you to the concert.

9. She hoped (to help) by her friends.

10. I hope (to see) you soon.

11. Determining the entropy (to turn out) to be difficult and laborious.

12. A chemical compound which occur on earth (to find) to make up the other planets, the Sun and other stars.

13. The inert elements (to think) not to be incapable of forming chemical bonds.

14. A gas (to consider) to be a collection of individual molecules in extremely rapid motion at all temperatures above absolute zero.

15. A compound between a weekly basic oxide and a weakly acidic oxide (negative, to be likely) to be very stable.

16. Uranium (to prove) to be isotopic with, and chemically inseparable from thorium.

Exercise 28: Find the sentences with Complex Object.

1. Gold is found in many regions of Russia.

2. Zink sulphide is found to have two principal crystalline modifications.

3. I found this book difficult.

4. Hydrogen is the lightest element known.

5. Hydrogen is known to be the lightest element.

6. He was sent to study abroad.

7. He seems tired today.

8. The acid seems to be likely to dissolve the precipitate.

9. The new method is believed to have given good results.

10. The substance was supposed to contain admixtures.

11. Toxicity tests indicate the product to be completely harmless.

12. These medicines may worsen bone disease because they cause the body to lose more calcium.

13. We have thought this law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions

14. This student is known to work hard.

15. The results obtained were found to be in perfect agreement with earlier findings.

Exercise 29: Make up sentences, using the word-combination from the table:

1	2	3
He A scientists A student Pharmaceutical students Analytical chemists An experiment The tests The data A staff The results They The report of Dr. Black	was (were) said to seen to heard to supposed to believed to expected to reported to considered to thought to found to announced to known to	be a good specialist. know all about it. be a very good lector. fail an exam in Botany. carry out this difficult experiments. necessary in the field of Pharmacognosy. manufacture a new drug. produce an extremely dangerous reactions. to contain some important information. occur in some foreign scientific books to write a new scientific article to be difficult. to be helpful. to be in perfect agreement with the earlier findings.