Influence, and incur thereby no legal penalty, because

no express statute has made it an offense. Such prac-

tices, however, are undesirable, because they tend to

substitute personal influences for considerations of the

public good. They are opposed to public policy, and

though the law may not reach them directly, it will at

least refuse to lend its aid to enforce them.

§ 32. How these cases regarded in law. — The

law scrutinizes undertakings of this nature with great

strictness, and judges of their validity by their general

nature and natural and probable results. It makes no

difference that in the particular case nothing improper

was done or intended to be done. The law determines

the case by the tendency of undertakings of that kind,

and holds the particular contract unlawful if its gen-

eral nature brings it within the prohibited class.

§ 33. Illustrations. — The cases which fall under

this prohibitum are exceedingly numerous, but a few

classes will be mentioned.

Thus, contracts for employment which lead the agent

to put himself into a position wherein his duty to his

.t ?3ti , f>*

В§83.] FOR WHAT PURPOSES CREATED. 10

principal and his own interesi may conflict, or wherein

his duty to one principal may conflict with his duty

to another principal, or which expose him to tempta-

tion to violate his duty to his principal;

See Rice v. Wood, 113 Mass. 133, 18 Am. Rep. 459, Cas. Ag. 12;

Atlee v. Fink, 75 Mo. 100, 42 Am. Rep. 3S5, Cas. Ag. 14; Byrd v.

Hughes, 84 111. 174, 25 Am. Rep. 442, Cas. Ag. 23.

to procure or to suppress legislation by bringing per-

sonal influence to bear upon the legislators;

See Mills v. Mills, 40 N. Y. 543, 100 Am. Dec. 535, Cas. Ag. 17;

Spalding v. Ewing, 149 Pa. St. 375, 24 Atl. R. 219, 15 L. R. A. 727;

Houlton v. Dunn, 60 Minn. 26, 61 N. W. 898, SO L. R. A. 737; County

of Colusa v. Welch, 122 Cal. 428, 55 Pac. R. 243.

to procure action on the part of municipal bodies In-

corrupt persuasion ;

See Hayward v. Nordberg M'fg. Co., 85 Fed. R. 4, 29 C. C. A. 438.

to procure contracts from governments and heads of

governmental departments by like influences;

See Stanton v. Embrey, 98 U. S. 548, Cas. Ag. 631; Elkhart

County Lodge v. Crary, 98 Ind. 238, 49 Am. Rep. 746, Cas. Ag. 18;

Beal v. Polhemus, 67 Mich. 130; Weed v. Black, 2 McArth. (D. C.)

268, 29 Am. Rep. 618; Gorman v. United States, 34 Ct. pf Ch. 237;

Wasserman v. Sloss, 117 Cal. 425, 49 Pac. R. 566, 59 Am. St. R. 209;

Commonwealth v. Press Co., 156 Pa. St. 516, 26 Atl. R. 1035.

to procure the suppression or defeat of public prosecu-

tions by other than the open and legally established

methods of procedure;

See Weber v. Shay, 56 Ohio St. 116, 46 N. E. 377, 60 Am. St. R.

743; Kirkland v. Benjamin, 67 Ark. 480, 55 S. W. 840.

to secure appointment to public or private office, by

personal solicitation or influence;

See Edward v. Randle, 63 Ark. 318, 38 S. W. 343, 36 L. R. A. 174;

Basket v. Moss, 115 N. C. 448, 20 S. E. 733, 44 Am. St. R. 463;

West y. Camden, 135 U. S. 507, 34 L. ed. 254; Wilbur v. Stoepel, 82

Mich. 344, 46 N. W. 724, 21 Am. St. R. 568.

20 FOR WHAT PURPOSES CREATED. [J 33

to procure pardons by like means;

See Deering & Co. v. Cunningham, 63 Kans. 174, 65 Pac. R. 263,

54 L. R. A. 410; Moyer v. Cantieny, 41 Minn. 242, 42 N. W. 1060.

to secure or suppress evidence;

See Lyon v. Hussey, 82 Hun 15, 31 N. Y. S. 281; Kennedy v.

Hodges, 97 Ga. 753, 25 S. E. 493; Quirk v. Muller, 14 Mont. 467, 36

Pac. R. 1077, 43 Am. St. R. 647, 25 L. R. A. 87; Crisup v. Grosslight,

79 Mich. 380, 44 N. W. 621.

to deal in prohibited articles or engage in forbidden

transactions;

See Sullivan v. Horgan, 17 R. I. 109. 20 Atl. R. 232; Helber v.

Schantz, 109 Mich. 669, 67 N. W. 913; Mexican International B'k'g

Co. v. Lichtenstein, 10 Utah 338, 37 Pac. R. 574.

to deceive and defraud the public;

See McDonnell v. Rigney, 108 Mich. 276, 66 N. W. 52; Merrill v.

Packer, 80 Iowa, 542, 45 N. W. 1076; Shipley v. Reasoner, 80 Iowa,

548, 45 N. W. 1077; McNamara v. Gargett, 68 Mich. 454, 36 N. W. 218.

to further and increase litigation ;

See Peck v. Heurich, 167 U. S. 624; Alpers v. Hunt, 86 Cal. 78,

24 Pac. R. 846; contra, Vocke v. Peters, 58 111. App. 338.

to do acts in contravention of statutes;

See Irwin r. Curie, 56 N. T. App. Div. 514, 67 N. Y. S. 380; Dudley

v. Collier, 87 Ala. 431, 6 So. R. 304, 13 Am. St. R. 55; Parks v. Dold

Packing Co., 6 Misc. R. 570, 27 N. Y. S. 289; Lowey v. Granite Asso-

ciation, 8 Misc. R. 319, 28 N. Y. S. 560.

to procure election to public or private office by im-

proper means;

See Roby v. Carter, 6 Tex. Civ. App. 295, 25 S. W. 725 ; Dansereau

v. St. Louis, 18 Can. S. Ct. R. 587; Dickson v. Kittson, 75 Minn. 168,

77 N. W. 820, 74 Am. St. R. 447.

to endeavor to bribe or corrupt the servant or agent ot

another ;

See Woodstock Iron Co. v. Richmond etc. Co., 129 U. S. 643, 32

L. ed. 819; Lum v. McEwen, 56 Minn. 278, s. c. Lum v. Clark, 57 N.

W. 662; Boyd v. Cochrane, 18 Wash. 281, 51 Pac. 383.

В§5 33-34.] FOR WHAT PURPOSES CREATED. 21

to commit crimes;

See Mexican International Banking Co. v. Liechtenstein, 10 Utah,

338, 37 Pac. R. 574.

to procure marriage for a commission or other com-

pensation;

See Duval v. Wellinan, 124 N. Y. 156, 26 N. E. 343; Morrison v.

Rogers, 115 Cal. 252, 46 Pac. R. 1072; Hellen v. Anderson, 83 111.

App. 506.

to create "corners"' and monopolies;

See Leonard v. Poole, 114 N. Y. 371, 21 N. E. 707, 11 Am. St. K.