12. Translate the following names a) if they are the names of biblical personages, b) if they are the names of real people. Comment on the translation techniques you used

Adam, Bathsheba, Cain, Delilah, Job, Noah.

13. Read the information and be ready to discuss loan translation, supply your own examples.

loan translation is creating a blueprint collocation by rendering the meaning of the morphemes constituting a SL word or by rendering the meaning of the words constituting a SL collocation (superpower = сверхдержава; mass culture = массовая культура). Sometimes loan translation is accompanied by transcription (transnational = транснациональный, petrodollar = нефтедоллар, miniskirt = мини-юбка). The device doesn’t reveal to the recipient the essence of the phenomenon, but only helps to create a blueprint collocation. Thus, it should not be used too often.

What groups of words (see task 1) can be translated with the help of loan translation? Think of your own examples.

14. Use loan translation to render the meaning of the following words and phrases.

Зимний дворец, mixed laws, maltreatment, White House, the period of unrest (about Russian history), the Rocky Mountains, the Black sea, risk analysis, a standard key-combination.

15. Translate the following sentences into the TL and say what translation techniques you used.

• She set The Guardian by when the telephone rang.

• The short story is set in the Moscow of the early twenties.

• Schubert set many poems to music.

• James has always been very natural.

• Ask Barry to draw this picture. He is a natural!

16. Read the information and be ready to discuss explication and implication, supply your own examples.

• EXPLICATION consists in providing an explanation or a definition of the SL word, i.e. in making explicit the meaning which in the SL was implied (conservationist = сторонник охраны окружающей среды, whistle-stop speech = выступления кандидата в ходе предвыборной агитационной поездки). Explication consists in bringing the lexical and the differential semes of a SL word to the surface. That is why explication is used to translate neologisms (teach-in = диспут-семинар), lacunas (сутки = twenty four hours), realia (валенки = traditional Russian winter footwear).

• The opposite of explication is IMPLICATION. Implication consists in avoiding redundant information, i.e. in using one word instead of a phrase or omitting a word which doesn’t add anything new to the situation but is used solely for the sake of collocability (to sing a song = петь).

What groups of words (see task 1) can be translated with the help of explication and implication? Think of your own examples.

17. Translate the sentences into the tl using explication or implication.

• Ireland has a right to nationhood.

• We worked round the clock.

• Do you have any siblings?

• «Когда вы вернетесь?» «Недели через две».

• The weather being fine, we decided to go for an outing.

• Is there any difference between fraternity and sorority?

• This man is an escapist from modern society.

18. Read the information and be ready to discuss commentary, supply your own examples.

COMMENTARY is similar to explication. But unlike explication which is introduced inside the text, commentary is provided at the end of the text or in a footnote: Starets, pl. startsi. A monk distinguished by his great piety, long experience of the spiritual life, and gift for guiding other souls. Lay folk frequently resort to startsi for spiritual council; in a monastery a new member of the community is attached to a starets, who trains and teaches him.

What groups of words (see task 1) can be translated with the help of commentary? Think of your own examples.