3. The verb the category of tense.
Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. First of all it performs the central role in realizing predication - connection between situation in the utterance and reality. Besides, the verb possesses quite a lot of grammatical categories. The verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time. The verb possesses the following grammatical categories: tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, finitude and phase. The most universal syntactic feature of verbs is their ability to be modified by adverbs. The category of tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time. The essential characteristic of the category of tense is that it relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance (the time of the utterance being 'now ' or the present moment). The tense category is realized through the oppositions. The binary principle of oppositions remains the basic one in the correlation of the forms that represent the grammatical category of tense. The present moment is the main temporal plane of verbal actions. Generally speaking, the major tense-distinction in English is undoubtedly described as an opposition of past:present. But this is best regarded as a contrast of past:: non-past. Quite a lot of scholars do not recognize the existence of future tenses, because what is described as the 'future' tense in English is realized by means of auxiliary verbs will and shall. Although it is undeniable that will and shall occur in many sentences that refer to the future, they also occur in sentences that do not. And they do not necessarily occur in sentences with a future time reference. That is why future tenses are often treated as partly modal.
4. The category of voice
Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. First of all it performs the central role in realizing predication - connection between situation in the utterance and reality. Besides, the verb possesses quite a lot of grammatical categories. The verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time. The verb possesses the following grammatical categories: tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, finitude and phase. The most universal syntactic feature of verbs is their ability to be modified by adverbs. The category of voice reflects the objective relations between the action itself and the subject or object of the action. The category of voice is realized through the opposition Active voice::Passive voice. All English verbs should fall into transitive and intransitive. The classification 6 groups: 1. Verbs used only transitively: to mark, to raise; 2.Verbs with the main transitive meaning: to see, to make, to build; 3. Verbs of intransitive meaning and secondary transitive meaning.: They laughed me into agreement; 4.Verbs of a double nature: to drive home - to drive a car; 5.Verbs that are never used in the Passive Voice: to seem, to become; 6. Verbs that realize their passive meaning only in special contexts: to live, to sleep, to sit. Some scholars admit the existence of Middle, Reflexive and Reciprocal voices.
"Middle Voice" - (The door opened) – the form of the v is act, but the meaning is passive. "Reflexive Voice": (eq.He dressed himself) – the agent and the object of the action simultaneously. "Reciprocal voice (They greeted each other) – not 1 person; action aimed at the other member of the same group.
5. The Category of Mood
Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. First of all it performs the central role in realizing predication - connection between situation in the utterance and reality. Besides, the verb possesses quite a lot of grammatical categories. The verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time. The verb possesses the following grammatical categories: tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, finitude and phase. The most universal syntactic feature of verbs is their ability to be modified by adverbs. The category of Mood is the most controversial category of the verb.
The category of mood in the present English verb has been treated in so many different ways.
The category of Mood expresses the relations between the action, denoted by the verb, and the actual reality from the point of view of the speaker. The speaker may treat the action as real, unreal or problematic or as fact that really happened, happens or will happen. Mood relates the verbal action to such conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility.The most disputable question in the category of mood is the problem of number and types of Obligue Moods. Obligue Moods denote unreal actions so they can't be modified by the category of tense proper. They denote only relative time, that is simultaneousness or priority. Different authors speak of different number and types of moods. The most popular in Grammar has become the system of moods put forward By Prof. Smirnitsky. He speaks of 6 mood forms: The Indicative Mood; The Imperative Mood - Open the door!; Keep quiet, please ; Subjunctive I - expresses various attitudes of the speaker: desire, consideration, suggestion, etc. The form of subjunctive I is homonymous with the bare infinitive: no morpheme –s is added in the 3d person singular, and the verb to be is used in the form “be” in all persons and numbers, e.g.: Long live the king! Subjunctive II - in form is homonymous with the past tense forms of the verbs in the indicative mood eg. I wish) she tried harder; If only she tried. The Conditional Mood - Without you she wouldn’t manage it; (Even if she tried), she wouldn’t manage it.; The Suppositional Mood.