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1. The noun the category of Case.

The noun is the central lexical unit of language. It is the main nominative unit of speech. The noun can be characterised by three criteria: semantic, morphological and syntactical. According to different principles of classification nouns fall into several subclasses: 1) They may be proper and common; 2) May be animate and inanimate. Animate nouns in their turn fall into human and non-human. 3) Nouns can be countable and uncountable. All nouns can be classified into: simple, derived; compound and composite. The noun can be used in the sentence in all syntactic functions but predicate. The cat. of number is expressed by the opposition of the pl. form of the noun to the sg. form of the noun. The strong member of this binary opposition is the plural, is marked by the inflection (s). The productive formal mark correlates with the absence of the number ending in the sg. form of a noun. Other non-productive ways of expressing the number opposition are 1) the archaic suffix – en (ox – oxen) 2) sound interchange (man-men, foot-feet, goose-geese) 3) sound interchange + en (child – children) 4) unchangeable nouns\ homonymous (sheep, deer) 5) Greek and Latin borrowing have their own peculiarities (datum – data). The semantic nature of the difference between sg. and pl. is that of “one” and “more then one” But… Some problems that claim special attentions 1) material nouns (water-waters, snow-snows). In water we refer to its physical or chemical properties; in waters to the geographical idea 2) When such nouns as wine, solt, steel denote some sort of substance they become countables (expensive wines) 3) In the most of their meanings the words joy, sorrow are abstract nouns and they refer to st.t., but when concrete manifestations are meant they denote countable nouns (the joys and sorrows of life) 4) Likewise the words tin, copper, hair as material nouns are usually sg. and nouns like advice, furniture, mild have no pl. forms and are called sg.t. Clothes, goods, outskirts are pl.t.

The two groups of uncountable nouns are respectively defined as singularia tantum, or, absolute singular nouns and pluralia tantum, absolute plural nouns. The absolute plural nouns usually denote the following: objects consisting of two halves – scissors, trousers, spectacles, etc. Sg.t. 1)material nouns (milk, butter, sugar) 2)abstract nouns (peace, usefulness) 3)collective nouns (news, furniture)

2. The noun the category of case.

The noun is the central lexical unit of language. It is the main nominative unit of speech. The noun can be characterised by three criteria: semantic, morphological and syntactical. According to different principles of classification nouns fall into several subclasses: 1) They may be proper and common; 2) May be animate and inanimate. Animate nouns in their turn fall into human and non-human. 3) Nouns can be countable and uncountable. All nouns can be classified into: simple, derived; compound and composite. The noun can be used in the sentence in all syntactic functions but predicate

Case expresses the relation of a word to another word in the word-group or sentence (my sister’s coat). The category of case correlates with the objective category of possession. The case category in English is realized through the opposition: The Common Case :: The Possessive Case (sister :: sister’s). However, in modern linguistics the term “genitive case” is used instead of the “possessive case” because the meanings rendered by the “`s” sign are not only those of possession. 1.Possessive Genitive : Mary’s father – Mary has a father,

2.Subjective Genitive: The doctor’s arrival – The doctor has arrived, 3.Objective Genitive : The man’s release – The man was released, 4.Adverbial Genitive : Two hour’s work – X worked for two hours,

5.Equation Genitive : a mile’s distance – the distance is a mile, 6.Genitive of destination: children’s books – books for children, 7.Mixed Group: yesterday’s paper. There is no universal point of view as to the case system in English. Different scholars stick to a different number of cases. 1.There are two cases. The Common one and The Genitive; 2.There are no cases at all, the form `s is optional because the same relations may be expressed by other phrases 3.There are three cases: the Nominative, the Genitive, the Objective due to the existence of objective pronouns me, him, whom;