6. The verb the category of Development.
Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. First of all it performs the central role in realizing predication - connection between situation in the utterance and reality. Besides, the verb possesses quite a lot of grammatical categories. The verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time. The verb possesses the following grammatical categories: tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, finitude and phase. The most universal syntactic feature of verbs is their ability to be modified by adverbs. One of the most controversial points in considering the category of aspect is that the category cannot be expressed twice in one and the same grammatical form; the members of one paradigm should be mutually exclusive; but there is a double aspective verbal form known as the perfect continuous form. The category is realized through the paradigmatic opposition of the continuous (progressive) forms and the non-continuous (indefinite, simple) forms of the verb; this category can be called the category of development. The strong member is the continuous – build up by the discontinuous morpheme be+ing. There are some verbs in English that do not normally occur with progressive aspect. Among the so-called ‘non-progressive’ verbs are think, understand, know, hate, love, see, taste, feel, possess, own, etc. The most striking characteristic that they have in common is the fact that they are ‘stative’ - they refer to a state of affairs, rather than to an action, event or process. It should be observed, however, that all the ‘non-progressive' verbs take the progressive aspect under particular circumstances. As the result of internal transposition verbs of non-progressive nature can be found in the Continuous form: Now I'm knowing you. Generally speaking the Continuous form has at least two semantic features - duration (the action is always in progress) and definiteness (the action is always limited to a definite point or period of time).
7. Units and levels of language. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
Language is a structural system. Structure. In the structure of language there are four main structural levels. The levels are represented by the corresponding level units: The phonological level is the lowest level. The phonological level unit is the`phoneme. It is a distinctive unit (bag – back). They have form, but they have no meaning. The morphological level has two level units: the `morpheme – the lowest meaningful unit (teach – teacher); the word - the main naming (`nominative) unit of language. The syntactical level has two level units as well: the word-group – the dependent syntactic unit; the sentence – the main communicative unit.
The supersyntactical level has the text as its level unit. Syntagmatic relations exist at every language level. They can be of 3 different types: coordinate, subordinate and predicative.Coordinate SR exist between the homogeneous linguistic units, they are the relations of independence: you and me; They were tired but happy. Subordinated SR are the relations of dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other- teach + er - morphological level; a smart student - word-group level; predicative and subordinate clauses - sentence level. Predicative SR are the relations of interdependence: primary and secondary. According to different principles of similarity Paradigmatic relations can be of three types: semantic, formal and functional. Semantic PR are based on the similarity of meaning: a book to read = a book for reading. Formal PR are based on the similarity of forms. Such relations exist between the members of a paradigm: man – men; play – played’- will play ~ is playing. Functional PR are based on the similarity of function. They are established between the elements that can occur in the same position.
8. Semi-Composite Sentences.
Composite Sentence is a Polypredicative construction. Means > than 1 predicative lines or centers, reflects 2 or > situational events, and each predicative center makes up a clause of its own. The semi-composite sentence displays an intermediary syntactic character between the composite sentence and the simple sentence. Semi-Composite sentences are divided into semi-compound and semi-complex. Semi-compound sentences, built on the principle of coordination, and semi-complex sentences, built on the principle of subordination. Paradigmatically, the semi-compound sentence is built by two or more base sentences, which have an identical subject or an identical predicate (or both); in the process of semi-compounding, the two predicative lines overlap around the common element, the other principal parts being coordinated. Semi-complex. It is derived from minimum two base sentences, one matrix and one insert