3. Find the answers to the questions.

1. Who were considered to be the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers?

2. What aspects of mechanics have mechanical engineers faced since ancient times?

3. What must modern mechanic know to be efficient at his work?

4. When were the first professional trials to create mechanisms?

5. What the earliest machine tools were defined as machines?

6. When did the lathe driven by a wheel appear?

7. When was the manual labour replaced?

8. What centuries may be called “the ages of machinery”?

9. What are the requirements to modern machines?

10. What is the designation of mechanical engineers?

4. Complete the sentences.

1. Engineering is one of the oldest ...

2. A primitive type of Lathe was used in ...

3. The earliest machine tool was ...

4. The past and the present century may will be called ...

5. Modern engineering mechanics deal with ...

6. Engineering mechanics must be ...

5. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. mechanics a. верстат

2. tool b. речовина

3. efficient c. впливати

4. device d. виробляти

5. substance e. механіка

6. lathe f. позначати, призначати

7. to succeed g. кваліфікований

8. to affect h. інструмент

9. to designate i. пристрій

10. to manufacture j. досягати успіхів

6. True or false statements.

1. Without the skills that are included in the fields of engineering and mechanics, our present-day civilization could never have evolved.

2. A primitive type of lathe is known as the cord-lathe.

3. The lathe driven by a wheel appeared in the 13^th century.

4. Engineering mechanics must be efficient, know mechanical heritage and construct new machine.

II. Retell the text “Engineering is one of the oldest occupations in the history of mankind”.

III. Rendering

1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian using a dictionary.

History of Mechanical Engineering

The words engine and "ingenious" are derived from the same Latin root, "ingenerate", which means "to create". The early English verb engine meant "to contrive". Thus the early "engineers" were the people who contrived (i.e. invented) new things.

The history of mechanical engineering can be traced directly to the ancient world, to the designers and inventors of the first mechanisms which were powered by human or animal labour, water or wind energy, or a combination of these.

Although many of the mechanisms had a purely peaceful application, such as for flight, irrigation or building, the word "engineer" originally meant "military engineer" because it was derived from the term "engines of war". These were machines such as catapults, floating bridges and assault towers. The invention of the steam engine in the latter part of the 18th century provided a key source of power for the Industrial Revolution and gave enormous impetus to the development of machinery of all types. As a result, a new major classification of engineering dealing with tools and machines, namely mechanical engineering, received formal recognition in 1847.

Today's mechanical engineer is heavily involved in the development and use of new materials and technologies, especially in computer aided engineering. A rapidly growing field for mechanical engineers is environmental control, comprising the development of machines and processes that will produce fewer pollutants, as well as the development of new equipment and techniques to reduce or remove existing pollution. Although mechanical engineers may occasionally work alone on a small project, they are more likely to be working on large, multi-disciplinary projects, liaising with specialists from other areas.

In almost every sphere of modern life, from the air-conditioned office or home to the modern industrial plant or mode of transport, one sees the work of mechanical engineers who continue to develop and apply new knowledge and technology to improve the quality of life for society as a whole.

2. Make up a plan in the form of questions.

3. Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

IV. Comprehensive skills

1. Read and remember.

1. artificial [‚a:tiʹfi∫(ə)l] adj штучний

2. broad [brƆ:d] adj широкий

3. create [kriʹeit] v створювати

4. creativity [‚kri:eiʹtiviti] n творчість

5. definition [‚defiʹni∫(ə)n] n визначення

6. poll [pol] n опитування громадської думки

7. stealth [stelθ] adj прихований

2. Listen to the text “What is Engineering” and try to understand it.

3. True or false statements.

1. Everything in society is linked to engineering.

2. “Engineering is the application of math and science to create something of value from artificial resources”.

3. Engineering creativity is directed at things.

4. Most people have not studied or even been introduced to engineering.

5. Engineering as a group are not probably the most creative people.

4. Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions.

1. Why has engineering been called the “invisible profession” or the “stealth profession”?

2. Engineering is creating the artificial, isn’t it?

3. Why are engineers often incorrectly identified as scientists?

4. What are specific types of engineers?

5. What is engineering creativity directed at?

V. Communicative skills

Topic for discussion: Engineering is a constant progress of mankind (Use additional materials).

Unit 2

Topic: Engineering materials