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________________________LESSON 3

1. Sound practice section.

1.1. Do the following exercise paying special attention to the sound //, sentence stress and nuclear tones.

Student A	Student B
1 Shut up the shutters and sit in the shop.	Where…? What …?
2 Mrs Hunt had a country cut front in the front of her country cut pettycoat.	What kind of …?
3 We make some fun with funky food and with some luck	How… ? What…?
4 Double bubble gum bubbles double.	How many…? What kind of …?
5 His Mom got bucked by the wild duck	What …? Whose…?

Dialogue

Daughter Mum ... what have we got for supper?

Mum Sorry, honey, there's not much ... basket of tomatoes... half of the almond pie ... or there's some salad with mushrooms and onions left.

Daughter I'll just have bread and butter with plum jam... have we got any plum jam?

Mum Sorry, love. There's none left.

Daughter Oh, Mum! There's nothing I want!

Mum Well, have a nice current bun and a cup of hot chocolate.

Daughter Mm ... you make lovely buns ... Thanks, Mum!

Phonetic Theory Discussion Section.

2.1. Learn the following words and phrases to Theme 3.

#	The English word/phrase	Its Ukrainian equivalent
1	to differ in the positions of the main articulators during speech pauses	відрізнятися по положенню головних артикуляторів під час мовних пауз
2	to come off the teeth	відходити від зубів
3	the articulatory activities of the tongue	артикуляційна робота язика
4	the lesser degree of the mouth opening	менший ступінь розчину ротової порожнини
5	to account for the fact that ...	пояснювати той факт, що...
6	palatalization	палаталізація, пом,якшення
7	to be stable / unstable	бути стабільним / нестабільним
8	the duration of articulation	тривалість артикуляції
9	a peculiar puff of air	особливий струмінь повітря
10	to devoice partly / completely	оглушувати частково / повністю

2.2. Read Theme 3 and be ready to answer the questions given in 2.3. Theme 3. The basis of articulation of english Part 2

English and Ukrainian (Russian) differ in the positions of the main articulators during speech pauses:

1) in English the tongue is kept deep in the mouth cavity. It is slightly retracted backwards and does not touch the palate and the lower teeth.

2) in Ukrainian (Russian) the tongue is raised in its front part in the direction of the hard palate. It is pressed against the lower teeth. The lips are slightly rounded and come of the teeth.

The English articulation on the whole is more tense and energetic than the Ukrainian one, especially the tongue and the soft palate. The Ukrainian (Russian) articulations are less energetic.

The articulatory activities of the tongue are rather great in the languages under comparison, though they differ in a number of respects:

1. the low position of the tongue is typical of production of certain English vowels, the bottom jaw is considerably lowered at that, e.g. [], [], [], []. The corresponding Ukrainian (Russian) sounds are produced with the lesser degree of the mouth opening;

2. the tip of the tongue is active while articulating the English sounds [], [], [], [], [], []. They are articulated with the tip of the tongue pressed against the alveolar ridge (or drawn to it). Their Ukrainian (Russian) counterparts are articulated with the blade of the tongue either pressed against the upper teeth or drawn to them. The tip of tongue is lowered at first. Due to it the above mentioned speech sounds are called apical and alveolar and their Ukrainian (Russian) counterparts - dorsal and dental.

3. the middle part of the tongue is not very active in English, but it is in Ukrainian (Russian). That accounts for the fact that certain Ukrainian (Russian) consonants are pronounced with palatalization. Palatalization is not characteristic of English, though some English consonants may have palatalized allophones in certain distributions, e.g. the phoneme [l] as in the examples: tell you [ ], will you [ ].

The lip rounding for the back vowels [], [], [], [] is smaller in English than in Ukrainian (Russian). While articulating these sounds the rounded lips are not so protruded in English. The lip protrusion is peculiar to the Ukrainian (Russian) [o], [y].

English has certain peculiar articulations which do not exist in Ukrainian (Russian): the interdental articulation of [], [ ], the labial fricatives [], [], the pharyngal [].

The articulation of the English vowels differs in stability, there are vowels with a stable articulation (monophthongs) and vowels with an unstable articulation (diphthongs). The articulation of all Ukrainian (Russian) vowels is stable.

The duration of articulation is not the same for all English monophthongs: there are long and short vowels. In Ukrainian (Russian) long and short vowels are not discriminated. The Ukrainian vowels are ordinarily articulated a bit longer than the English short vowels and a bit shorter than the English long vowels:

c.f.: money - Маня - Martha

[  ] [a] []

There is a peculiar puff of air during the articulation of the English plosive voiceless sounds [], [], [] which is called aspiration. It is not typical of the Ukrainian [п], [т], [к].

It is peculiar to English to devoice partly voiced consonants in the word final positions. In Ukrainian the similar sounds are also devoiced partly, but in Russian they undergo a complete devoicing: c.f.: Dad - дід [дід] - дед [дет]; sad - сад [сад] - сад [сат].