Пояснення до тексту

weight - вага

weightlessness - невагомість

to perceive - відчувати

to cancel - скасовувати

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац. Надайте правильну відповідь на запитання.

Where is gravity the greatest?

1. ... at the Equator.

2. ... at the poles.

3. ... on the moon’s surface.

ВАРІАНТ 2

І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть дієслова, визначте якого вони часу, виду та стану.

Перекладіть речення українською мовою. У розділі (б) зверніть увагу на переклад пасивних конструкцій.

а) 1. In gases molecules are moving with high speed in all directions.

2. Ukrainian economy promises to become more and more attractive for foreign capital.

б) 1. Such a huge reactor hasn’t been constructed yet.

2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

II. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть Participle I та Participle II; визначте, які з них ужиті в функції означення, обставини чи частини присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. The papers presented at the conference were on some problems of higher education.

2. Making this experiment we noticed that the substance changed its colour.

3. My friend is preparing for the seminar in the library.

4. The method being used in our work helps us to solve a very difficult problem.

III. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть модальні дієслова або їх еквіваленти. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. He wasn’t able to win the competition.

2. You will have to spend a lot of time to do this work.

3. The students must attend lectures.

4. May I stay here for some time?

IV. Прочитайте текст та усно перекладіть його. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською мовою 1, 2 та 3 абзаци.

METALS

Why does man use metals still so such today when there are other materials, especially plastics? A material is generally used because it offers the required strength, and other properties, at minimum cost. Appearance is also an important factor. The main advantage of metals is their strength and toughness.

Plastics are lighter and more corrosion-resistant, but they are not usually as strong. Another problem with plastics is what to do with them after use. Metal objects can often be broken down and the metals recycled; plastics can only be dumped or burned.

Not all metals are strong, however. Copper and aluminium, for example, are both fairly weak – but if they are mixed together, the result is an alloy called aluminium bronze, which is much stronger than either pure copper or pure aluminium. Alloying is an important method of obtaining whatever special properties are required: strength, toughness, resistance to wear, magnetic properties, high electrical resistance or corrosion resistance.

The properties of a metal can be further improved by use of heat treatment. Heat treatment is the term given to a number of different procedures in which the properties of metals and alloys are changed. It usually consists of heating the metal or alloy to a selected temperature below its melting point and then cooling it at a certain rate to obtain those properties which are required. For example, hardening is used to make metals harder. Tempering makes them softer and less brittle. Annealing is carried out to make a metal soft so that it can be machined more easily.

When Concorde was built, a material was needed which could withstand extreme aerodynamic conditions. To achieve this, a special aluminium alloy was developed which is tough and lightweight and is used in over 70% of Concorde’s structure.

Пояснення до тексту:

toughness	- твердість, міцність
corrosion-resistant	- стійкий до корозії
hardening	- твердіння
tempering	- гартування
annealing	- відпалювання (русск. отжиг)
brittle	- крихкий, ламкий
resistance to wear	- опір зносу (зношуванню)

V. Прочитайте 4^й абзац.

Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді на запитання.

Which type of heat treatment makes metals softer and less brittle?

1. Hardening makes metals softer and less brittle.

2. Annealing makes metals softer and less brittle.

3. Tempering makes metals softer and less brittle.

ВАРІАНТ 3

I. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть дієслова, визначте, якого вони часу, виду та стану.

Перекладіть речення українською мовою. У розділі (б) зверніть увагу на переклад пасивних конструкцій.

а) 1. The Ukrainian tax reform is starting to work.

2. The students had made a lot of experiments by the end of the last year.

б) 1. The quality of the instruments can be relied upon.

2. The problem of pollution was not even discussed some fifty year ago.

II. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть Participle I та Participle II; визначте, які з них ужиті в функції означення, обставини чи частини присудка.

Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Studying the properties of electrons physicists constructed a very accurate device.

2. Alloys made from copper and nickel are corrosion – resistant.

3. Radio signal is transmitted by means of radio waves.

4. When heated up to 100° C water boils.

III. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть модальні дієслова або їх еквіваленти.

Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. You may take this book home.

2. Nobody was able to understand this phenomenon.

3. We had to use a catalyst to accelerate the reaction.

4. Must he answer all these questions?

IV. Прочитайте текст та усно перекладіть його. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською мовою 2, 3 та 6-й абзаци.

NATIONAL KYIV UNIVERSITY

National Kyiv University is one of the biggest higher educational establishments in Ukraine. It was founded in 1834. In 1939 it was named after the great poet of Ukraine T.G. Shevchenko on the occasion of its 105^th anniversary.

The University trains specialists for various fields of economy, conducts post-graduate courses, grants degrees. More than 20,000 future specialists get their training here. They major in physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, law, journalism, linguistics, etc.

Students are admitted to the University on the basis of their results at the entrance examinations. They study at 16 faculties containing 155 departments. The departments are grouped into faculties. Students from many countries are being trained at Kyiv University. They are from Europe, Asia and Latin America.

Senior students major in those subjects which are essential for their future activity. Their graduation papers are oriented towards the enterprises at which students are supposed to work afterwards. The students take their practical training before the graduation exams at their future place of employment.

Today Kyiv University enjoys national and international reputation for the contribution in scientific research.

The University devotes much attention to the promotion of cooperation with institutions of higher education in foreign countries on the basis of bilateral agreements. They exchange experience on teaching methods, on the work of the University departments, on research planning and textbook development. The agreements signed with some foreign institutions of higher education promote the exchange of curricula and syllabi, scientists and post-graduate students, scientific and teaching literature, as well as information on the activities of the universities.