- •Методичні вказівки лексика. Робота над текстом.
- •1 Семестр. (всі спеціальності) unit 1 albert einstein.
- •Words and Expressions to be Learnt
- •Unit 2 our star — the sun.
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 3 flood defence system.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Words to Be Learn
- •Unit 4 radio and tv march ahead.
- •Words and Expressions to Be Learnt
- •5) Some of the aims of radio and tv are to acquaint people with … unit 4
- •In the chemical laboratory.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Words to Be Learnt
- •Unit 5 d. I. Mendeleyev — pride of russian science
- •Notes on the Text
- •Words to Be Learnt
- •Unit 6 ernest rutherford
- •Notes on the Text
- •2 Семестр. (всі спеціальності) unit 1 Academician Igor Kurchatov (1903 – 1960)
- •Notes on the Text
- •Unit 2 Lasers today and tomorrow.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 3 astronomical capital of the world.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Unit 4 The unique telescope.
- •Unit 5 Hydrogen – source of power.
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 6 Today’s astonishing computers.
- •Notes on the Text
- •Words to be Learnt
- •Heathrow, London’s Airport
- •The Temperature Scales
- •Cambridge
- •Ecological Problems of Big Cities
- •Mass Production
- •The Greenhouse effect
- •Efforts made to protect the environment
- •Training astronauts
- •Tourism: advantages and disadvantages
- •History of education
- •Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities
- •The wheel, steam carriages and railways
Основною
метою навчання студентів англійської
мови в немовному вузі є досягнення ними
практичного оволодіння цією мовою, що
передбачає при заочному навчанні
формування вміння самостійно читати
літературу за фахом з метою здобуття
інформації з іншомовних джерел.
В умовах заочного
навчання такі види мовленневої діяльності
як усна мова (говоріння та аудіювання),
письмо застосовується упродовж всього
курсу як засіб навчання.
Переклад (усний
та письмовий) використовується: як
засіб навчання; з
метою контролю розуміння прочитанного; як
можливий засіб передачі одержаної при
читанні інформації.
Приступаючи
до вивчення англійської мови на заочному
відділенні, слід мати на увазі, що
вивчення її буде успішним лише в тому
разі, якщо студенти будуть працювати
систематично, регулярно з перших днів
навчання в вузі. Діючим засобом для
збагачення словникового запасу та
засвоєння граматичного матеріалу є
читання та переклад учбових текстів;
виконання письмових та усних вправ,
додаткове читання газетних статей с
загальнонаукової тематики, адаптованих
науково-популярних текстів, а також
текстів з фаху; виконання письмових
контрольних робіт. Вирішальним фактором
для розвитку навичок читання англійською
мовою суспільно-політичної літератури
з фаху є накопичення достатнього
лексичного запасу та оволодіння
граматичними формами та зворотами,
необхідними для перекладу та розуміння
тексту. Фонетичний, граматичний та
лексичний матеріал відпрацьовується
у вправах. Вправи даються у визначеній
послідовності, яка забезпечує поступовий
перехід від формування первинних
навичок при застосуванні граматичних
зразків та лексики до створення мовних
навичок та вмінь. Результати самостійної
работи студента-заочника упродовж
семестру повинні знайти своє відбиття
в його словнику та робочіх зошитах, які
подаються на практичних заняттях та
заліках. Важливе значення для розвитку
навичок читання має оволодіння основами
англійської фонетики. Як посібник з
фонетики може бути використаний „Учебник
английского языка для заочных технических
вузов” під редакцією Л.М.
Андріанової, Н.Ю. Багрової та Е.В. Єршової.
М., Вища школа, 2002р. Перш за все студентам
необхідно засвоїти правила вимови
звуків та читання букв та буквосполучень,
а також рекомендується регулярно
виконувати відповідні вправи з данного
підручника.
Упродовж повного
2-річного курсу навчання студент-заочник
повинен набути словниковий запас у
розмірі 1000 лексичних одиниць/слів та
словосполучень.
Для
розширення запасу слів, необхідного
для читання та розуміння суспільно-політичних
текстів та текстів з фаху з англійської
мови, студент-заочник повинен засвоїти
систему англійського словостворення,
ознайомитись з часто вживаними
синонімами, антонімами, з перекладом
фразеологічних та ідіоматичних зворотів.
Для роботи над літературою з фаху
студенту слід запам’ятати
умовні скорочення слів, прийняті в
пресі та спеціальній літературі.
Студенту-заочнику слід вести власний
словник слів та словосполучень у
спеціальному зошиті.
Працюючи над
текстом, слід в першу чергу виписувати
базові слова. Для більш ефективної
роботи зі словником необхідно знати
англійський алфавіт.
Перш ніж виписувати
слово та шукати його значення в
англійському словнику, слід установити
якою частиною мови воно являється.
Треба
пам’ятати,
що: артикль,
прийменник, присвійник та вказівний
займенник стоять завжди перед іменником; в
англійській мові існує сталий порядок
слів у реченні: підмет – присудок –
доповнення – обставина; знання
основних суфіксів та префіксів допомогає
зрозуміти без словника слово, утворене
від знайомого кореня; виписуючи
слова, слід відкидати закінчення і
знаходити початкову (словникову) форму
слова; необхідно
пам’ятати, що в кожній мові слово може
мати багато значень: слід відбирати у
словнику відповідне за значенням
українське слово, згідно його граматичній
функції та загальним змістом тексту,
а також уявити собі сферу діяльності,
про яку йде мова в тексті.
Для розвитку вмінь
та навичок безперекладного розуміння
тексту слід накопичити необхідний
словниковий запас і постійно його
поповнювати, оволодіти системою
англійського словостворення, засвоїти
граматичну побудову мови. Контроль
безперекладного розуміння тексту
здійснюється за допомогою передачі
змічту данного тексту рідною або
англійською мовою; запитань, поставлених
до тексту чи складання плану пересказу.
Albert
Einstein is one of the greatest scientists of all times was born in
Germany on March 14, 1879. His unusual ability to mathematics and
physics began to show itself at a technical school in Zurich.2
At the age of 21, after four years
of university study, Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an
office. But already in 1905 he made revolutionary discoveries in
science. He published three papers in the field of physics and
mathematics. In the first he explained the photo-electric effect by
means of Planck's quantum theory. The second paper developed a
mathematical theory of Brownian motion.4
He presented his third paper on "Special Theory of Relativity"
to a physical journal. Einstein expressed his theory in the equation
E = mc 2,
roughly that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of
light.
All over the world scientists
read the work with great surprise. Few physicists understood its
importance at that time. Everybody wanted to know as much as
possible about the author. In which institute did he teach? In what
laboratory did he do his research?
Einstein's
fame among scientists grew slowly
but surely. For a few years he lived in Prague5
where he worked as a professor. When he came to Prague, he often
told his, students: "I shall always
try to help you. If you have
a problem, come to me with it, we shall solve it together."
He liked questions and
answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions
for him. He spoke much with his students about scientific problems
and his new ideas. His advice to students was, "Don't take easy
problems."
In 1921 Einstein got the
Nobel Prize in physics not for the theory of relativity but for a
logical explanation of the photoelectric effect.
In 1922 he became a foreign
member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding
contributions to physics and mathematics.
On March 14, 1979 by UNESCO
decision all people throughout the world celebrated the birth
centenary of the great 20th century scientist.
Notes on the Text
1.
Albert Einstein - Ейнштейн
Альберт (1879—1955)
2.
Zurich — Цюрих
(місто в Швейцарії)
3.
Planck — Планк Макс
(1858—1947) видатний німецький
фізик
Brownian
motion
—
броунівський рух; Броун
Роберт (1773—1858) шотландський ботанік
Prague
— Прага
age n
— вік
equation n
— рівняння
among prep
— серед
establish
v —
устанавлювати
answer v
— відповідати
become (became; become)
explain
v — пояснювати,
v
—
ставати
field
n —
галузь
century
n —
століття
foreign
a —
іноземний
come
(came; come)
v —
get (got)
v —
отримувати приходити
help
n, v
— допомога
contribution
n —
внесок
decision
n —
рішення
discovery
n —
відкриття
know
(knew; known)
v —
знати
equal
v —
рівнятися
make
(made) v
— робити
often
adv —
часто
speed n
— швидкість
possible a
— можливий
teach
(taught) v —
навчати
question n
— запитання
tell
(told) v —
казати
relativity
n —
відносність
together
adv —
разом
understand
(understood)
v —
розуміти
research n
— дослідження
to
be born
— народжуватися
slowly
adv
—
повільно
by
means of
— за допомогою;
solve
v —
вирішувати
easy
a —
легкий
job
n —
робота
Завдання
1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
When and where was A.
Einstein born?
What discoveries did A.
Einstein make in 1905?
What prize did A. Einstein
get in 1921?
Where did
A. Einstein work as a professor?
What advice did A. Einstein
give to his students?
Завдання
2. Заповніть
пропуски користуючись змістом тексту.
Albert Einstein was born in
_____ on March 14, 1879.
He
published _____ _____ in the field of physics and mathematics.
Einstein’s _____ grew
slowly but surely.
For a few years he lived in
_____ where he worked as a professor.
In 1921 Einstein got _____
_____ in physics for a logical explanation of the photoelectric
effect.
Завдання
3. Доберіть відповідні англійські
слова українським.
1. рух
a) motion
b) action
c) decision
d) equation
2.
поясняти
a)to
discover
b) to develop
c) to explain
d) to express
3.
відомий
a) famous
b) well-known
c) outstanding
d) interesting
4.
вирішувати
a) to solve
b) to answer
c) to
advice
d) to speak
5.
простий
a) easy
b) new
c) foolish
d) simple
Завдання
4. Перекладіть
на українську та англійську мову групи
слів, користуючись текстом. A.
a technical school
foolish question
a logical explanation
outstanding contributions
the field
of physics B.
теорія відносності
революційні
відкриття
вчені проблеми
нові ідеї
у всьому світі
Завдання
5. Підберіть вірні визначення
наступним словам.
mathematics
physics
science
effect
theory
knowledge
which depends on seeing and testing facts and stating general
natural laws.
scientifically
acceptable explanation for a fact or event which has not been
proved to be true.
the science of numbers
and of the structure and measurement of shapes.
the science concerned
with the study of matter and natural forces.
something that happens
when one thing acts on another
Завдання
6. Доповніть
речення згідно зі змістом тексту.
At the age of 21 Albert
Einstein got a job as …
He presented his third
paper on …
Everybody wanted to know …
He spoke much with …
Einstein’s fame among
scientists grew …
There are
nine planets in the solar system:
Me —
Mercury — Меркурій
Ve —
Venus — Венера
Ea —
Earth — Земля Ma
— Mars [ma:z] — Mapc
Jupiter —
Юпітер
Saturn —
Сатурн
Uranus —
Уран
Neptune
['neptju:n] — Нептун
Pluto
['plu:tou] — Плутон
What do
you know today of the nearest star which lies 150 million kilometers
away?
The Sun is a mass of flaming
matter, the temperature at its surface is above 5,500 degrees
Centigrade, the temperature in the Sun's centre is as high as 20
million degrees Centigrade. The Sun's diameter is 109 times that of
the Earth and its mass is 330,000 times greater.
The illumination of the Earth
by the Sun is 10 billion times stronger than that by Sirius, the
brightest star of the northern hemisphere. But this does not mean
that the Sun is bigger than Sirius: it is simply closer to the
Earth.
Nine planets with their
satellites revolve round the Sun due to the force of universal
gravitation. It takes our Earth a little more than 365 days to
revolve around the Sun.
The Sun is the most important
body in the Universe for mankind. It provides us with light during
the day and the light of the Moon is only the reflected sunlight.
It is also important that the
Sun gives us heat without which no life can exist on the Earth. It
provides us with all the energy that we use every day.
When we look at the Sun, it
seems a fire ball. But, even from a brief acquaintance with some of
the solar phenomena, it is clear that the Sun is an ever boiling
ocean. The Sun is a giant natural hydrogen bomb, equivalent to
millions of man-made ones where the thermonuclear reaction proceeds
continuously.
It is interesting to note
that every second the Sun sends into space as much energy as mankind
consumed during the whole period of its existence from the first
fire of the cave-man to the establishment of the atomic power
station. Solar
energy has great value to mankind.
Man has tried to use solar
energy since the earliest times. Methods of using the light and heat
energy from the Sun are not new, but they are not very efficient as
yet.
It is necessary to find
effective methods to use this immense supply of free energy, to make
our star — the Sun — serve mankind.
bright a
— яскравий
consume v
— споживати
due to prp
— завдяки
during prp
— протягом
even adv
— навіть
exist v
— існувати
find
(found) v —
знаходити
force n
— сила
free a
—вільній
(in)efficient
a—
непродуктивный
lie
(lay; lain)
v —
лежати
Universe n
— всесвіт
value n
— значення
whole a
— увесь
Sun n
— сонце
supply n
— запас
since prp
— з тих
пір
solar а
— сонячний
strong a
— сильний
serve v
— служити
heat
n —
тепло, и —
нагрівати
mankind n
— суспільство
man-made a
—
штучний
matter n
— матерія
mean
(meant) v —
значити
Moon
n —
місяць
power
n —
енергія
provide
v —
забеспечувати
reflect
v —
відображати
revolve
v —
обертатися
seem
v —
вважатися
send
(sent) v
— відсилати
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповідь на запитання.
1. What is the Sun?
2. What is
the temperature at the Sun's surface?
3. Which is the brightest
star of the northern hemisphere?
4. Is the Sun bigger than
Sirius?
5. How many planets revolve
around the Sun?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом текста.
1)
The Sun is a mass of ______ matter.
2) Nine
planets with their ______ revolve the Sun due to the force of
universal gravitation.
3) The Sun is the most
_______ body in the Universe for mankind.
4) Solar energy has great
______ to mankind.
5) It is necessary to find
effective methods to _______ this immense supply of free energy.
Завдання 3. Доберіть
відповідні англ. слова та словосполучення
підкресленим українським.
1.
забезпечувати
a) to supply;
b) to provide;
c) to give;
d) to buy
2.
величезний
a) big;
b) efficient;
c) immense;
d) right
3.
відображати
a) to reflect;
b) to
give;
c) to light;
d) to shine
4.
знайомство
a) greeting;
b) meeting;
c) coming;
d) acquaintance
5.
продовжувати
a) to proceed;
b) to keep;
c) to lead;
d) to enter
Завдання
4. Перекладіть
на українську та англійську мову групи
слів, користуючись текстом.
А)
1. найближча
зірка;
2. північна півкуля;
3. сила
всесвітнього тяжіння;
4.
термоядерні реакції;
5. велика цінність.
В)
1.flaming
matter;
2.
illumination of
the Earth;
3. to
revolve round
the Sun;
4. natural
hydrogen bomb;
5. immense
supply of
free energy.
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам:
1. The
Sun 2.
Existence 3.
Supply 4.
To consume 5.
Establishment
a) the state or fact of
being real or living.
b) an amount of smth that
is provided or available to be used. c)
to use smth especially fuel, energy or time.
d) the
act of starting or creating smth that is meant
to last for long time. e)
mass of flaming matter.
Завдання
6. Доповніть
речення згідно з змістом тексту:
The temperature at its
surface is _______.
It takes
our Earth a little more than 365 days ________.
Man has tried to use solar
energy since________.
The sun is a giant ________.
It is also important than
the Sun gives us heat without which ________.
In
October 1980 the first stone with the words "Let's protect
Leningrad from floods" was thrown into the waves of the Gulf of
Finland near Gorskaya — that was the beginning of the construction
of a flood defence system that by 1990 will protect Leningrad from
floods.
In its more than 280 years of
existence the city has had nearly 300 floods. Three of them, in
1777, 1824 and 1924 were catastrophic. Ever since the foundation of
the city by Peter the Great in 1703 various schemes for its
protection were offered by specialists. But only due to modern
technology such a giant hydro-engineering project was made possible.
The starting point was the
adoption of the General Plan of Leningrad development (1966) which
provided for the construction of a flood defence system. 52
scientific, designing and other organizations were working out this
scheme for six years.
How
does the hydro-engineering complex look like?
Eleven giant dams of rock and
soil (each 8 metres high above mean sea level) cross the Gulf of
Finland from Gorskaya in the north to Lomonosov in the south of the
Gulf through Kotlin Island (Kronstadt Fortress). Along the length of
the dams there are six spillways to let the water through in normal
conditions.
Ships will
pass through two deep-water channels which are located on each side
of the island, the 200 metres wide, southern channel will be the
main. When a rise in the water level is forecast the whole automatic
system will be put in action.1
The gates which are located over the spillways will go down to close
the "windows" and the gates which slide along special
rails on the bottom of the channels will come out of the dock
chambers and bar the way to the sea wave. It will take only 30
minutes to perform all the operations.
It should be said that the
construction of such gates is a sort of revolution and has no
analogy in modern world practice.
Motor-car
highway — 24.4 kilometres long and 35 metres wide — runs along
the top of the dams and bridges over the spillways and twice it
"dives" into the tunnels under the bottom of the channels.
The length of the southern tunnel is some 2,000 metres and that of
the northern one is 1,400 metres.
The
construction of the highway is paid great attention to 2
as according to 3
the General Plan for the development of Leningrad it is to become
the outer part of the 150 km ring motor-road which will be built
around the city.
The complex will allow to
solve the problem of Leningrad protection from floods.
to put in
action — приводити у дію
to pay
attention to — приділяти увагу
according
to — згідно з
adopt v
— приймати
bridge n
— міст
channel n
— канал
cross
v—перетинати
deep a
— глибокий
defence n
— захист
design n
— креслення,
конструкція
flood n
— повінь
forecast n
— передбачити
v
(forecast) —заснування
foundation
n —
заснування
level n
— рівень
locate v
— розташуватися
mean a
— середній
offer v
— пропонувати
pass v
— проходити,
проїджати
perform
v
— виконувати
выполнять
protect v
— захищати ограждать
rise n
— підйом;
(rose;
risen) — підніматися
road n
— шлях
run
(ran; run) v —
бігти;
працювати;
sea n
— море
sort n
— сорт,
вид
through
prp
—
через,
крізь
various
a —
різноманітний
wave
n —
хвиля
way
n —
шлях, дорога
wide
a — широкий
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання .
How long
were designers and engineers working at the scheme of the flood
defence system? 2.
What is the aim of this project? 3.
Where is the giant dam located? 4.
Where does the motor-car highway run? 5.
Where are the tunnels for motor cars located?
Завдання
2. Заповнить
пропуски по тексту . The
starting point was the adoption _______. The
gates which are located over the spillways will go down _____.
Motor car
highway ________long and _______ metres wide.
The
complex will allow _____ of Leningrad protection from floods. When
a rise in the water level is forecast the whole automatic system
_____.
Завдання
3. Доберіть відповідні англійські
слова та словосполучення до підкреслених
українських.
1.
розробити
а) to
work at;
b) to work out;
c) to work on;
d) to paint.
2.
продовжувати
a) to develop;
b) to work;
c) to continue;
d) to design.
3.
проект
a) project;
b) plan;
c) design;
d) building.
4. бути
розташованим
a) to be situated;
b) to be located;
c) to be found;
d) to pass.
5.
закривати
a) to
open;
b) to close;
c) to shut;
d) to see.
Завдання
4. Перекладіть на
українську мову та англійську групи
слів, користуючись текстом. а)
1. розробити новий проект
2. виконувати
важливі операції
3. приділяти увагу
4. працювати над
проблемою
5. захистити від
поводі b)
1. to put in action 2.
according to 3.
to work out a theory 4.
to provide for 5.
to forecast the rise
Завдання
5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
highway
flood
channel
bottom
forecast
the
lowest interior or exterior part of anything;
a public rood, well-paved
and direct;
a natural or artificial
course for running water;
a large quantity of water
covering what is usually dry land, as the result of a river
flowing over its usual limits;
to predict on the basis
of scientific observation and applied experience.
Завдання 6.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
текста. The
construction of such gates is a sort of ______. The
first stone with the words “Let’s protect Leningrad from
floods” was thrown into the _________.
The
starting point was the adoption of the ___________. 52
scientific, designing and other organizations were working out
_________.
Ships
will pass through deep-water channels which are located on
_________.
More
than hundred years passed since the day when the Russian scientist
Alexander Popov demonstrated his "storm indicator" which
was the prototype of modern radio receivers.
Great progress has been made
in radio engineering, radio communications, radio broadcastings and
television since that time. We have become so used to these
means of communication that we can't imagine our life without all
this.
In the modern world, radio
and television play an important role as a mass media of
information and as a means of people's political and cultural
education.
There is
hardly
a spot on the whole vast territory of Russia where there is no
radio. The voice of radio is heard all over the world. Today more
than 500 radio broadcasting stations in the country transmit a
total of 1,500 hours per day. Programmes to other countries are
conducted in 77 languages.
Modern means of radio
engineering cover the greater part of the globe with long, medium
and ultra-short radio waves. New radio stations are being built and
equipped with the most modern instruments.
Television is also developing
rapidly in Russia. At present Russia has a TV system which is the
largest in the world. It includes 120 TV centres which make their
own programmes. The construction of the world's biggest television
centre, the Moscow centre, which is housed in the 533-metre high
Ostankino television tower was completed in 1970. All programmes
which are broadcasted by the Moscow centre are in colour. TV
programmes broadcasts go out from Moscow every day on 12 channels
with a total of 159.6 hours of broadcasting in every 24-hour period.
There is a regular international exchange of TV programmes as well.
Our television is linked with Intervision and Eurovision
international systems.
Work on the improvement of
space television and broadcasting is of great interest. The
application of powerful outerspace relays makes it possible
televising programmes directly to huge territories.
Some of the aims of radio and
TV are to help strengthening peace and friendship among nations, to
provide listeners and viewers with an objective review of events
taking place in the world and to acquaint them with the life in the
country. Much has been done to develop radio broadcasting and
television in our country but still more remains to be done in
the future.
aim n
—
ціль
exchange n
— обмін
application
n —
використання
hear
(heard) v —
чути
huge
a —
величезний
broadcast
n —
радіопередача
imagine
v —
уявляти, v —
передавати по радіо
language
n — мова
conduct
v — вести, проводити
link
v —з’єднувати
listen
v — слухати
education
п —
освіта
peace n
— мир
people
n —
народ, люди
engineering
п —
техніка
play
п —гра;
v —
грати
event п
— подія
rapidly
adv —
швидко
voice n
— голос
receive v
— одержувати
receiver n
—радіоприймач
transmit v
— передавати
to
take place
— відбуватися
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
When did
Alexander Popov demonstrat his “storm indicator”?
What was the “storm
indicator”?
Why can’t we imagine our
life without radio and television?
How role
do radio and television play in the modern world?
How many radio broadcasting
stations work in the country?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски користуючись змістом
текста.
1). More
than hundred years passed since the day when the Russian scientist
Alexander Popov _________ his “storm indicator “which was
prototype of modern radio receivers.
2).We
cannot __________ our life without radiocasting, television, radio –
communication.
3).
Programmes to other countries are conducted in 77 __________.
4).
Modern means of radio – engineering cover the greater part of the
_________ with long, medium and ultra – short radio waves.
5).The
application of powerful outer space __________ makes it possible
televising programmes directly to huge territories.
Завдання 3. Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським
словам.
1).
Сучасні засоби
a) modern society;
b) modern means;
c) exchange;
d) radio – broadcasting;
2).
Радіо приймач
а)
storm indicator
b) radio waves;
c)
radio – receiver;
d) huge territories;
3).
Освіта
а)
aim;
b) language;
c) application;
d) education;
4).
Хвиля
а)
wave
b) country
c) color
d) spot
5).
Удосконалення
a) education
b) improvements
c) future
d) equipment
Завдання 4.
Перекладіть на українську мову та
англійську мову групи слів, користуючись
текстом. А).
television
center;
to
be housed in;
to
be equipped;
broadcasting
stations;
ultra – short waves; B)
ціль радіо;
радіо техніка;
телебачення;
міжнародні
системи;
телевізійна
програма;
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1.
telephone
a) measure of space
between two points or places.
2.radio–
receiver
b) process of transmitting
pictures by radio waves with sound at the same time.
3.
distance
c)
broadcasting by means of electromagnetic waves.
4. television
d) part of an apparatus
for receiving signals
5. radio
e) a system of
transmitting the human voice by electric current, through wires.
Завдання
6. Доповніть
речення згідно зі змістом текста.
1) A.S.
Popov’s “storm indicator “was …
2)
Now radio and television play an important role as …
3) Modern means of radio
engineering cover the greater part of our planet with…
4)
Russian TV system includes 120 TV centers which…
Look at the picture!
Here is
our chemical laboratory. It occupies a large. room which is
furnished with many long tables or benches 2
as they are called. It is at these
benches that experiments are usually done. There are a lot of things
on the first bench. Nearly in the middle there stands a Bunsen
burner 3
with a flask over it. During an experiment the Bunsen burner is
connected with the main gas line by a rubber tube. The flame of the
burner is being regulated by means of a tap. The flask is fixed to
the ring-stand. If some solution is boiling in the flask, the steam
is coming out of it.
At the
side of the bench there is a sink with two taps for cold and hot
water. At the foot of the bench on the left-hand side there are two
shelves with a few bottles on them. They contain chemical
substances: solids and liquids. Some of the liquids
are colourless and odourless, while others possess different colours
and odours.
On the
right-hand side there stands a rack with twelve test-tubes in it. On
the wall above the bench one can see the Periodic Table of Elements.
In the cupboard on the left you can see flasks of different shapes
and sizes, different kinds of glass tubes, condensers, filters, and
so on, that is,4
things without which no chemical experiment can be done.
A student
in white overall, Barbara, is preparing for an experiment at her
bench. She is to get a new compound. Barbara is measuring some
liquid
in the measuring-glass. When the liquid is measured it is poured
into a special vessel and is mixed with water. From time to time
Barbara looks up at the solution which is boiling oh the Bunsen
burner.
The other
student, David, is sitting at the table on the left near the window
and is putting down the results of his experiments which he was
carrying out from 11 to 12 a. m.5
Suddenly he raises his head and says:
"Hey, Barbara, what are
you doing? Why is the room being filled with steam? Regulate the
flame of the burner, please, or turn it off."
Barbara runs up to the
burner. She turns off the tap of the burner and turns on the
ventilators. The flame is being regulated; the powerful
ventilators are being turned on. Little by little the air in the
room is being purified.
Here
is our chemical laboratory.—
Вот наша
хімічна
лабораторія.
(Тут
має місце інверсія.
Прислівник
here
набуває
нове лексичне
значення.)
bench
— зд. лабораторний
стіл
3. Bunsen
burner — бунзенівський
пальник; Bunsen,
Robert — Роберт Бунзен,
німецький
фізик (1811 —1899)
4. that
is — тобто
5. from
11 to 12 a.
m.— з
11 до 12 години дня; а.
m.— лат. ante
meridiem — до полудня; р. m.
— лат. post meridiem
— післе полудня
boil v
— кипіти
prepare
for v —
готуватися до
burner
n —
пальнік
call
v —
називати(ся)
purify
v —
очищати
carry out
v —
проводити
put down
(put) v —
записувати
colour
n —
колір
compound
n
—;
хим.
з’єднання
raise
v —
піднімати
connect
v —
з’єднанувати
rubber
n —
гума
contain v
— містити
shape n
— форма
fill v
—
наповнювати
side
n — сторона
head
п — голова
size
n — розмір
liquid
n — рідина
solution n
— розчин
mix v
— змішувати
steam n
— пара
possess v
— володіти
turn
v — повертати
pour
v — лити
turn on v
— вмикати
powerful a
— потужний
turn off v
— вимикати
vessel n
— сосуд
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на наступні запитання. 1.What
is the chemical laboratory furnished with? 2.What
things are there on the first bench? 3.What
is the Bunsen burner connected with? 4.How
can the flame of the burner be regulated? 5.What
is the flask fixed to during experiments?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом текста. Nearly
in the middle there stands a ___________ with a flask over it. If
some solution is boiling in the flask, ______ is coming out of it.
Some of
the liquids are _______ and odourless, while others possess
different colours and odours. Barbara
is measuring some _______ in the measuring-glass. She
_______ the top of the burner and turn on the ventilators.
Завдання 3. Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським.
1.
рідина
a)
solid
b) liquid
с)
steam
d) rubber
2.
колір
a) odour
b) shape
c) size
d) colour
3.
готуватися до
a) carry out
b) raiser for
c) prepare for
d) put down
4.
вмикати
a)
turn
b) turn on
c) turn off
d)
turn up
5.
з’єднувати
a) contain
b) mix
c) purify
d) connect
Завдання 4.
Перекладіть українською та англійською
мовами групи слів, користуючись текстом. A.
готуватися до
експерименту
вимірювати рідину
регулювати полум’я
отримувати нові
хімічні з’єднання
полум’я різної
форми та розміру B. to
contain chemical substances to
occupy a room the
Periodical Table of Elements to
measure some liquids a
powerful ventilator
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1. to
fill
a) an
elastics substance obtained from the latex.
2.
solution
b) to join something
together.
3.
rubber
c) to point outward.
4.
connect
d) to make full
5. turn
out
e) a mixture of two or
more substances.
Завдання 6.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
текста.
There are
a lot of things on the first _________. During
an experiment the Bunsen burner is connected with the main gas line
by _________. At
the side of the bench on the left-hand side there are two shelves
with ______. On
the wall above the bench one can see _________. Barbara
runs up to the burner __________.
The
list of fields of knowledge which Mendeleyev's genius touched upon
is enormous. Chemistry, physics, earth sciences, metrology,
economics, metallurgy and many more. Mendeleyev's legacy comprises
25 volumes, a third of them devoted to chemistry.
D. I.
Mendeleyev, the outstanding Russian scientist, was born in Tobolsk
in 1834. In 1850 at the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical
Institute in St. Petersburg to study chemistry. Five years later he
graduated from it with a gold medal and was invited to lecture on
theoretical and organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. To
continue his studies and research Mendeleyev was sent to Germany in
1859. While living abroad he made a number of important
investigations.
The year
1868 was the beginning of his highly acclaimed work "Fundamentals
of Chemistry". When working at the subject Mendeleyev analysed
an enormous amount of literature, made thousands of experiments and
calculations. This tremendous work resulted in the Table of Elements
consisting of vertical groups and horizontal periods.
Mendeleyev was the first to suggest
a system of classification in which the elements are arranged in the
order of increasing atomic weights.
The main idea of the Periodic
System is the idea of periodic repetition of properties with the
increase of the atomic weights. Arranging all the existing elements
in the Table Mendeleyev had to overcome great difficulties, as a
considerable number of elements were unknown at that time and the
atomic weights of 9 elements (out of 63) were wrongly determined.
Thanks to his investigations Mendeleyev was able to predict not only
the existence of a few unknown elements but their properties as
well. Later the elements predicted were discovered.
More than 350 works written
by Mendeleyev deal with a great many subjects. Combining theory with
practical activities he carried out an enormous research in coal,
iron and steel industries in Russia. He died in 1907 at the age of
73.
The
achievements in chemistry and physics at the end of the 19th and the
beginning of the 20th century made it necessary to reconstruct the
Periodic Table taking into account3
new discoveries.
Time is
the severest judge in science. After more than 100 years of its
existence, the Periodic Law has preserved its full value and is
being constantly developed with each new discovery.
a number
of — деяка кількість, ряд
to take
into account — прийняти до
уваги
achieve
v
—
досягти
graduate v
— закінчувати
achlevement
n
— досягнення
investigate
v —
досліджувати
amount n
—кількість
investigation
n —
дослідження
arrange
v —
розташувати
law
n —
закон
coal
n —
вугілля
order
v —
порядок
combine
—
з’єднувати
overcome
(overcame; over- come)v —
долати
consist (of) v
— складатися
create
v — творити
predict
v —передбачувати
repetition
n —
повторення
deal with
(dealt) v —
result in v —
у висновку
мати справу із
determine
v — визначати
enter
v — поступати
suggest
v — пропонувати
Завдання
1. Дайте відповіді
на запитання. What
fields of knowledge did Mendeleyev΄s genius touch upon? Where
did Mendeleyev study chemistry? What
is the main idea of the Periodic System? What
was Mendeleyev able to predict?
Was the
Periodic Table reconstructed at the beginning of the 20th
century?
Завдання
2. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях,
користуючись текстом. Mendeleyev
was invited to lecture on ַַַַַַַַַ
at St.
Petersburg University.
The Table
of Elements consists of ַַַַַַַַַ
and
horizontal periods. Mendeleyev
had to overcome ַַַַַַַַ
to arrange all
elements in the Table. Mendeleyev
carried out enormous research in ַַַַַַַ
and steel
industries. The
Periodic Law has preserved its ַַַַַַַַ Mendeleyev
predicted the existence of ַַַַַַַַ
Завдання
3. Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським.
1.
Кількість
a) amount
b) subject
c) weight
d) volumes
2.
Відкриття
a) existence
b) development
c) discovery
d) work
3.
Величезний
a) atomic
b) tremendous
c)
important
d) practical
4.
Знання
a) system
b) research
c) theory
d) knowledge
Завдання
4.Перекладіть на
українську та англійську мову групи
слів, користуючись текстом. A).
важливі дослідження
невідомі елементи
обчислення
атомна вага
передбачати
брати до уваги
B). to
touch upon
to
suggest
existence
an
enormous amount
practical
activity
periodic
repetition
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1. to
lecture
a) the
science of weights
and measures
2.
abroad
b)
something carried out successfully
3.
property
c) in a foreign land
4.
metrology
d) to deliver a lecture or
series of lectures
5.
achievement
e) a special quality
belonging to something
Завдання
6. Доповніть
речення згідно з змістом тексту. To
continue his studies and research Mendeleyev ַַַַַַַַַ The
Table of Elements consists of ַַַַַַַַַ
The
atomic weights of 9 elements (out of 63) were ַַַַַַַַַ The
elements are arranged in ַַַַַַַַַ
(1871-1937)
Ernest
Rutherford was born in New Zealand where he lived up to 1895. At the
age of 19 after finishing school he entered the only New Zealand
University founded in 1870. At that time there were only 150
students and 7 professors there. At the university Ernest took great
interest in physics and developed a magnetic detector of radio
waves. However, he was absolutely uninterested in the practical
applications of his discoveries.
In 1895 Rutherford went to
Cambridge where he continued research under Thomson
(1856—1940), the outstanding English physicist. There
Rutherford studied the processes of ionization in gases and took
great interest in the theory of radioactivity discovered by
Becquerel (1852-1908), a world-known French physicist. For about ten
years Ernest Rutherford lived and worked in Canada. Later he
lectured in leading universities in the USA and England from 1907
till 1919.
Rutherford's famous work "The
Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure
of the Atom" dealt with so-called "atom models". All
main Rutherford's works deal with the model of the atom. The
splitting of the atom has opened to man a new and enormous
source of energy. The most important results have been obtained by
splitting the atom of uranium.
For working out the theory of
radioactive disintegration of elements, for determining the
nature of alpha particles, for developing the model of the atom,
Rutherford was awarded in 1908 the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Rutherford
created a school of talented physicists in the field of atomic
research, the Russian scientists P. Kapitza and Y. Kchariton were
among his pupils. E. Rutherford died in 1937 at the age of 66.
disintegration
n —
розпад
nuclear
atom — ядерна модель
атома
famous a
— відомий
to found v
— засновувати
particle n
— частка
leading
a —
провідній
to
scatter v
— розсіватися
New
Zealand — Нова
Зеландія
to
split v
— розщеплюватися
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
How old was Rutherford
when he entered the University?
What was Rutherford
interested in?
What
countries did Rutherford live and
work?
What
do all main Rutherford’s works deal
with?
When
was Rutherford awarded the Nobel
Prize?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
In 1890 he _________ the
only New Zealand University.
Four
years later he _________ from the University and went to Cambridge.
Some of his works ________
with the radioactivity of different elements.
Being a talented organizer
Rutherford __________ a large school of physicists.
His ________ have become
world-known.
Завдання 3.
Доберіть відповідні англійські слова
та словосполучення підкресленим
українським.
1.
Провідний університет
a) higher education
b) educational
establishment
c) big university
d) leading university
2.
Талановитий фізик
a)
famous physicist
b)
outstanding researcher
c)
talented physicist
d) famous scientist
3.
Радіохвилі
a) radio set
b) radio receiver
c) radio waves
d) radar
4.
Практичне застосування
a) development
b) practical application
c) great interest
d) practical training
5.
Джерело енергії
a) investigation
b) source of energy
c) nature
d) nuclear
Завдання
4. Перекладіть на
українську та англійську мову групи
слів користуючись текстом.
A).
1.
splitting the atom
2.
to be awarded
3.
famous work
4.
important results
5.
to study the processes
B).
ведучий університет
мати справу із
важливі результати
розробка теорії
получати результати
Завдання
5. Дайте вірні визначення наступним
словам.
1.
chemistry
a. the smallest unit of an
element.
2.
detector
b.
branch of science that deals with how
substances are made up.
3.
atom
c.
university teacher at the highest
level.
4.
enormous
d.
device for detecting something.
5.
professor
e.
very great.
Завдання
6. Доповніть
речення згідно зі змістом тексту.
The first
university where Rutherford studied was in ___________ .
At the university Rutherford
became interested in ___________ .
Rutherford’s famous work
dealt with ___________ .
In 1908 Rutherford got Nobel
Prize for ___________ .
5. Rutherford created a
school of ___________.
Among the
famous atomic scientists the first place belongs by right
to Academician Igor Kurchatov.
Since 1925
I. V. Kurchatov began to work at the Physical – Engineering
Institute in Leningrad. It was here that he achieved great results
in the research of dielectrics which had been little known at that
time.
As far as
early thirties
atomic research was being successfully conducted. The nuclear
physics was in need of powerful source of fast particles capable of
inducing a nuclear reaction. A group of young research workers, with
I. Kurchatov at the head, began investigations led to a striking
discovery of fission of uranium nucleus. I.
Kurchatov understood that the neutron was the key to splitting the
atom and he put all his efforts into neutron research. In 1940 I.
Kurchatov came to the conclusion that slow neutron chain reaction
was quite possible. But World War II interrupted his work, and all
research programs had to be suspended. In
1949 the Government announced that the secret of the atom bomb no
longer existed and the USA had lost its atomic monopoly. It was
decided that the scientists would continue their work in the field
of atom application for peace. On
June 27, 1954, the first atomic power plant in the world was put
into operation near Moscow. This power generating installation based
on the uranium – graphite reactor was Kurchatov`s favourite
creation. Later he was carried away by another great idea – to
master controlled thermonuclear reactions.
V.
Kurchatov died in 1960 but his experience and his knowledge have
become immortalized in the world’s first atomic power plant, atom
– driven ice – breakers, in Dubna Institute and in thermonuclear
research.
by
right – по
праву
as far
as early thirties – ще
на початку тридцятих років
Words to Be Learnt
belong
– належати
conclusion
– висновок
fission
–розщеплювання
ice
– breaker –
криголам
induce
– викликати
installation
– установка
key
- ключ
lead
(led) –
вести, приводити
lose
(lost) –
втрачати
master
– оволодівати
nuclear
– ядерний
particle
– частка
split
(split) -
розщеплювати
Завдання
1. Дайте відповіді
на запитання
Where did Kurchatov begin to
work?
What
discovery did the experiments of Kurchatov`s group lead to?
Why was the neutron research
program interrupted?
When was the first atomic
power plant put into operation?
What reactor was this power
generating installation based on?
Завдання
2. Заповніть
пропуски до тексту
A group of
________________________ began investigating the physics of the
nucleus of the atom.
In 1940 I. Kurchatov came to
the conclusion that _____________________.
The USA lost
___________________.
The
secret of ______________ no longer existed.
Later he was carried away by
another great idea ______________________.
Завдання
3. Доберіть відповідні
англійські слова та словосполучення
до підкреслених українських.
1.
проводити
a) to master
b) to put
c) to began
d) to conduct
2.
оголосити
a) to decide
b) to suspend
c) to announce
d) to understand
3.
криголам
a) a neutron
b) an ice – breaker
c) a reactor
d) monopoly
4.
продовжувати
a) to belong
b) to continue
c) to lead
d) to work
5.
досвід
a)experience
b) experiment
c) research
d) knowledge
Завдання
4. Перекладіть на
українську мову та англійську групи
слів, користуючись текстом.
a)
маловідомі
ядерна фізика
ланцюгова
реакція
ядро атома
існувати
b)
to put into operation
uranium – graphite
reactor
to
split
to
suspend
dielectrics
Завдання
5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам
nucleus
peace
government
famous
to split
The group of people who
govern a country
well – known, known to
a lot of people
a centre round which
other parts are grouped
to
divide something up, to cut or chop it
freedom from war
Завдання
6. Доповніть
речення згідно зі змістом тексту
Kurchatov
achieved great results in
_______________________.
The nuclear physics was in
need of ________________________.
World War
II interrupted his work, and all research programs ___________.
______________ the
scientists would continue their work in the field of
______________. The
laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real
revolution in technology.
Atoms emit rays of different
length which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The
laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and
traveling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely
intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore
able to travel very great distances.
The most common laser is the
helium-neon laser in the laser tube, there being 10 per cent helium
gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a
mirror, and at the other end there is a partial mirror. The
electrons get energy from a power supply and become “excited”,
giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at
one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror
at the other end of the tube. The
first laser having been built in 1960, scientists developed several
types of lasers make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass,
a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors.
Having been developed at the
Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum
generators occupy a special place among the optical generators.
While the size of a ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters
and that of a gas generator is about a metre long, a semiconductor
laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its
radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that, of
the best ruby lasers. But
the most interesting thing about semiconductor lasers is that they
are able to transform electric energy directly into light wave
energy. They perform it with an efficiency approaching 100 per cent
as compared with a maximum of about 1per cent of other lasers, this
property of semiconductor lasers opening up new possibilities of
producing extremely economical sources of light. But
it is in the field of communication that the laser will find its
most extensive application in future. Scientists foresee the day
when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously
millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television
programmes. It will serve for fast communication across continents,
under the sea, between the Earth and spaceship and between men
traveling in space.
The
potential importance of these applications continues to stimulate
new development in the laser field.
laser
– слово лазер состоит из начальных
букв фразы, описывающей функцию прибора:
Light Amplification
by Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation – усиление света
в результате вынужденного излучения
partial
mirror – полупрозрачное стекло
power
supply – источник питания
approach v
– наближуватися; досягати
beam n
– промінь
carry v
– передавати
compare v
– порівнювати
density n
– щільність
emit v
– випромінювати
employ v
– використовувати
extensive
a –
обширный
foresee
(foresaw; foreseen) v
– передбачувати
intense a
– інтенсивний
mirror n
– дзеркало
narrow a
– вузький
prevent v
– перешкоджати
single a
– единий;
один
spread
(spread) v
– росповсюджувати(ся)
travel
v – рухатися
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
What is the function of a
laser?
What beam of light does a
laser produce?
When was the first laser
built?
What type of laser is the
most common at present?
Where will a laser find the
most extensive applications in future?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
The light is reflected by
the ___________ at one end of the tube.
Scientists ____________
several types of lasers.
Atoms _________ rays of
different length.
In future
a __________ laser beam will carry millions of telephone
conversations.
The laser will find its most
extensive________ in future.
Завдання 3. Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським.
1.знайти
:
a) to serve;
b) to stimulate;
c) to perform;
d) to find.
2.випромінювання:
a)
beam;
b) ray;
c) radiation;
d) energy.
3.суміш
:
a) mixture;
b) source;
c) gas;
d) power.
4.відстань
:
a) space;
b) light;
c) development;
d) distance.
5.декілька
:
a) several;
b) the same;
c) single;
d) fast.
Завдання 4.
Перекладіть на англійську та українську
мову групи слів, користуючись текстом.
А) 1.
багатоцільовий інструмент;
2.
промінь світла;
3.
світляні кристали;
4.
рубіновий лазер;
5.
напівпровідниковий лазер.
B)
1. extensive
application;
2. to foresee the day;
3. revolution in
technology;
4. the same length;
5. to occupy a special
place.
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1.Mirror
a) to form an idea what is
going to happen in the future.
2.Electron
b) a
quality that belongs naturally to something.
3.To foresee
c) a piece of a glass that
reflects images.
4.To prevent
d) one of the parts of an
atom.
5.Property
e) to keep something from
happening.
Завдання 6.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
тексту.
The
electrons get energy from a power supply and become “excited”,
_______.
Semiconductor quantum
generators occupy a special place _________.
Semiconductor lasers can
transform electric energy directly into ________.
The helium-neon laser
comprises 10 per cent helium gas and ___________.
The light in a laser is
reflected by the mirror ________. Two
great observatories, Greenwich and Pulkovo, occupy a leading place
among the observatories of the world. Some scientists call Pulkovo
the astronomical capital of the world. Pulkovo
is situated in a hilly area some kilometres from Leningrad. You
can’t get to Pulkovo by train – when the railway was being built
the astronomers specially asked that it should be kept several
kilometres away so that there should be no vibration to affect the
sensitive instruments. The
work started in 1839, when the observatory was opened, is being
continued now. This is the eternal work of astronomers – to define
the precise co-ordinates of the stars, to find out the exact
“addresses” of heavenly bodies. Today
the scientists also conduct a time service, study activity of the
Sun, follow the flights of the Earth sputniks and calculate their
orbits. The scientists of the observatory have made a valuable
contribution to the study of the cosmos by observing artificial
Earth satellites, man-made moons. The study of their orbits is very
important for the flights of manned space-ships. The
Pulkovo observatory has a radio-astronomy department equipped with
modern apparatus. The big radio-telescope installed there is
stronger than any other telescope in the world. With the help of
this powerful device the scientists of the Pulkovo observatory carry
out a number of observatories of Venus, Jupiter and other planets. The
astronomers have obtained extremely surprising results due to
radio-astronomical observation. By means of the radio-telescope some
remarkable studies of the surface of the Sun and of solar activity
have been made and a method of investigating the movement of planets
has been worked out. Astronomical
observation and cosmic experiments are spheres of scientific
research in which broad co-operation of scientists of various
countries would be most effective. Scientists, workers and
technicians have produced and launched space rockets in the
direction of the Moon, Venus and Mars and are fulfilling the noble
dreams of mankind.
have made
a contribution – внесли вклад
affect –
впливати
artificial
– штучний
device –
прилад
sensitive
– чутливий
remarkable
– видатний
exact –
точний
extremely
– надзвичайно
find out
(found) – пізнати
flight –
політ
follow –
стежити
fulfill-
виконувати
launch-
запускати
observe –
спостерігати.
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
What two
observatories occupy a leading place among the observatories of the
world?
When was
the observatory opened?
What
researches do the scientists conduct today?
Is the
big radio-telescope stronger than any other telescope in the world?
What
studies have been made by means of the radio-telescope?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски по тексту.
Pulkovo is situated
____________ some kilometers from Leningrad.
The study
of their orbits ___________ of manned spaceships.
The scientists of the
Pulkovo observatory carry out a number of observations of
___________.
By means of __________ a
method of investigating the movement of planets has been worked
out.
Astronomical observation and
____________ are spheres of scientific research.
Завдання 3.
Доберіть відповідні англійські слова
та словосполучення до підкреслених
українських.
1.
співробітництво
a) mankind
b) co-operation
c) co-ordinate
d) man-made
2.
сонячний
a) solar
b) sensitive
c) eternal
d) some
3.
потужній
a) broad
b)
active
c) modern
d) powerful
4.
отримати
a) to make
b) to find
c) to obtain
d) to conduct
5.
впливати
a) to affect
b) to produce
c) to define
d) to get
Завдання 4.
Перекладіть на українську мову та
англійську групи слів, користуючись
текстом.
а)
спостереження
діяльність
сонця
виконувати
наукове
дослідження
надзвичайно
b)
the movement of planets
equipped
to follow the flights
mankind
to launch space rockets.
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1.
planet
a. An
instrument for seeing distant object more clearly.
2. railway
b. A building from which
the stars and planets are observed through telescopes.
3. cosmos
c. A system of transport
using tracks made of steel rails on which trains run.
4. telescope
d. A heavenly body which
travels in orbit round a sun.
5. observatory
e. The universe.
Завдання 6.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
тексту.
Some scientists call Pulkovo
___________.
This is the eternal work of
astronomers ___________.
The Pulkovo observatory has
a __________.
The
astronomers have obtained extremely surprising results __________.
Scientists, workers and
technicians are fulfilling _________. For
more than four centuries telescope has been the Earth’s window on
the universe. But the views they give have been limited by the size
and shape of the instruments. Now scientists in many countries are
developing bigger telescopes that will enable astronomers to look
deeper into the corners of the Universe. The main principle of a
telescope is: the larger the mirror, the clearer and brighter the
reflected image will be. The
world’s largest optical telescope is in the North Caucasus at
2,100 metres above the sea level. It was designed and created at the
Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association (LOMO). The main part
of the telescope is the mirror which is six meters in diameter and
weighs 42 tons. The mirror’s area is about 30 square metres and it
has been polished to the highest degree of accuracy. The telescope
is housed in a tower a revolving 1,000-ton dome.
Many
countries have developed large-size optical telescope in the recent
30 years, but this telescope is the most powerful. The following
gives an idea of what the telescope can do. With this telescope a
candle flame can be seen from a distance of 25,000 km. Its power is
40-50 million times greater than that of a naked eye. With this
telescope astronomers can investigate the most remote bodies in the
Universe, it will help to solve many important scientific problems,
to make a great contribution to the mankind’s knowledge.
Astronomers have used the telescope to take several unique
photographs of stars. The development of this unique telescope is a
great achievement of science and technology.
Words
to be learnt
association
n –
об’єднання
candle
flame – полум’я
свічки
clear a
– ясний
dome
n – купол
image
n – зображення
mirror
n – дзеркало
naked
eye – невооруженный глаз
polish
v – полірувати
recent
a – недавній;
зд. останній
remote
a – віддалений
tower n
– вежа
view n
– вид, картина
Завдання 1.Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
What is the main principle
of a telescope?
Where is the world’s
largest optical telescope situated?
What is the main part of an
optical telescope?
What can astronomers
investigate with this unique telescope?
Where is the telescope
housed?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
For a long time telescopes
were the Earth’s ________on the Universe.
Now scientists in many
countries are developing ________ telescopes.
Large telescopes enable
astronomers _______ deeper into the Universe.
The largest telescope is
situated at _________ above the sea level.
The mirror of the telescope
is six metres ________ and weighs 42 tons.
Завдання 3. Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським.
1.
вежа:
a) view;
b) tower;
c) square;
d) body.
2.
важити:
a) to solve;
b) to develop;
c) to give;
d) to weigh.
3.
віддалений:
a) limited;
b) deep;
c) remote;
d) clear.
4.
відстань:
a) image;
b) level;
c) distance;
d) contribution.
5.
досліджувати:
a) to use;
b) to investigate;
c) to enable;
d) to reflect.
Завдання 4.
Перекладіть на англійську та українську
мову групи слів, користуючись текстом.
А)1.
вікно у Всесвіт;
2.
розробити телескоп;
3.
головний принцип;
4.
відбите зображення;
5.
понад рівнем моря.
B)1.
mirror’s
area;
2. the highest degree of
accuracy;
3. a candle flame;
4. a naked eye;
5. to
solve problems;
Завдання 5.Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1. Telescope
a) the successful
finishing or gaining of something
2. Universe
b) long instrument with
lenses for making distant objects appear nearer and larger
3. Dome
c) stick of wax containing
a string, which gives light when it burns
4. Achievement
d) rounded roof with a
circular base
5. Candle
e) all space and the
matter which exists in it
Завдання 6.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
тексту.
Many countries have
developed large-size optical telescopes __________.
The unique telescope in the
Caucasus is the most ______________.
Its power is 50 million
times greater than that of __________.
This telescope will help to
make a great contribution ___________.
Astronomers have used the
telescope to take several ______________.
Scientists consider hydrogen
a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are
practically unlimited. Per unit of weight it contains almost three
times-more thermal energy than benzene. Besides, hydrogen can be
used as fuel in transport, industry and home. Hydrogen
is easy to transport and store. It can be transported over large
distances using conventional pipelines. It can be accumulated and
kept for a long time either in conventional or natural reservoirs. Scientists
have found many ways of producing hydrogen – basically from
ordinary water. And large volumes of this fuel can be obtained from
coal, whose global reserves are tremendous. There is also an idea of
using nuclear power plants to generate hydrogen. Scientists hope to
use the energy of the sun, wind and tides to obtain hydrogen. In
several countries car engines fed by hydrogen have been tested
successfully. Tests have also shown that adding five to ten per cent
hydrogen to benzene increases engine efficiency by 40-45 per cent. What
is still holding back the use of hydrogen as fuel, and what has to
be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy? The main
reason is that now it is more expensive than mineral fuels, but in
the near future hydrogen can be made cheaper to obtain. This new
kind of energy opens up new prospects in aviation, metallurgy and
some other industries.
add
v –
додати
accumulate
v –
накопичувати
consider v
– рахувати
engine n
– двигун
feed v
– живити
hold back
(held) v
– затримувати
hope v
– надіятися
keep
(kept) v - зберігати
nuclear
power plant – атомна
електростанція
pipeline n
– трубопровід
reason
n – причина
store
v – накопичувати
Завдання 1. Дайте
відповіді на запитання.
How great are the reserves
of hydrogen?
Where can hydrogen be used?
What can be used to
transport hydrogen over long distances?
What is the main way of
obtaining hydrogen?
In what industries can
hydrogen be used in future?
Завдання
2.Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
Scientists consider
__________ a very promising energy source.
Hydrogen contains
_____________ times more thermal energy than benzene.
Hydrogen is _____________ to
transport and store.
Scientists have found many
______________ of producing hydrogen.
Now hydrogen is more
_______________ than mineral fuels.
Завдання 3.Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським.
1.
джерело
:
a) reserve;
b) resource;
c) source;
d) plant.
2.
звичайний
:
a) promising;
b) conventional;
c) cheap;
d) efficient.
3.
сподіватися :
a) to hope;
b) represent;
c) remain;
d) resist.
4.
паливо
:
a) oil;
b) tide;
c) way;
d) fuel.
5.
двигун
:
a) energy;
b) engine;
c)
kind;
d)
car.
Завдання
4. Перекладіть на
англійську та українську мову групи
слів, користуючись текстом.
А) 1. джерело
енергії;
2. практично
безмежний;
3. на одиницю
ваги;
4. впродовж
тривалого часу;
5. збільшити
ефективність.
В)
1. new prospects;
2. mineral fuel;
3. in order to;
4. ordinary water;
5. to generate hydrogen.
Завдання 5.Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1.Hydrogen
a) a long line of pipes
for carrying liquids or gas to distant places
2.Reserve
b)to make or become
greater in number or quantity
3.To accumulate
c) gas that combines with
oxygen to form water
4.Wind
d) a store kept for future
use
5. Pipe-line
e) air in motion as a
result of natural forces
Завдання
6.Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
тексту
In the near future hydrogen
will be cheaper ______________.
In some countries car
engines fed by hydrogen were tested ______________.
There is an idea of using
nuclear power plants ______________.
The reserves of hydrogen are
___________.
Hydrogen can be obtained
from coal, whose _____________. Not
long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in
operation. Since then, several generations of complex electronic
computing equipment have been developed, each being significantly
better than the one before it. Almost every day a new use is found
for these astonishing devices to help man. We
know a computer to be a complex electronic device that can store and
process vast quantities of information. Following instructions,
computing equipment will perform calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, and provide the answers to
a large variety of problems in a tiny fraction of time. A
computer is known to be the “heart” of an electronic data
processing system, other parts of equipment being auxiliary. There
a two main types of computing equipment – digital and analogue.
They work differently and yield different results. The digital
computer is performing a much broader range of functions than the
analogue one. The
analogue computer, as its name implies, produces analogues or
parallels of the process to be described or the problem to be
solved. Both the digital and the analogue computers must be
“programmed”. This means they must be set up in such a way that
they can produce a result from the information fed into them, and
the information itself must be organized so it can handled by the
machines. These devices working by electronic impulses perform at
fantastic speed and with great precision. Looking
to the future, computer makers see no end to the things they would
like to accomplish. The computer of the future seems to be
developed by using bionics – biological functions of plants and
animals – as a guide in designing electronic circuits. Nowadays
computer makers are working at the problem of introducing small
computers into our everyday life making them personal. They are
trying to develop a computer that will understand human language. Each
new generation of computers opens up new possibilities for basic and
applied research.
tiny
fraction of
time – очень короткий
период времени.
data
processing system
– система обработки информации.
accomplish
v –
здійснювати
auxiliary
a –
допоміжний
data n
– данні,
інформація
describe v
– описувати
digital a
– цифровий
generation
n –
покоління
plant n
– рослина
precision
n – точність
process v
– обробляти
range n
– діапазон
reliable a
– надійний
set up
(set) v –
організовувати
yield
v – видавати;
виробляти
Завдання 1.
Дайте відповідь на запитання.
What were the computers like
not long ago?
Have they been developed
since that time?
What is a computer?
What calculations can a
computer perform?
What two types of computers
do you know?
Завдання 2.
Заповніть пропуски користуючись
текстом.
A computer is the
“__________” of an electronic data processing system.
The digital computer
performs much broader _________ of functions than the analogue one.
Both computers __________ be
programmed.
Computers can produce a
result from the ___________ fed into them.
Each new generation of
computers opens up new ___________ for basic and applied research.
Завдання 3. Доберіть
відповідні англійські слова та
словосполучення підкресленим українським.
1.
допоміжний
a) analogue
b) parallel
c) digital
d) auxiliary
2.
обробляти
a) to process
b) to develop
c) to work
d) to try
3.
складний
a) several
b) every
с)
complex
d) main
4.
надійний
a) reliable
b) basic
c) fantastic
d) broad
5.
тварина
a) plant
b) person
c) human
d) animal
Завдання 4.
Перекладіть на англійську та українську
мову групи слів, користуючись текстом.
А) 1. дуже надійний
;
2. декілька
поколінь;
3. електронне
обладнання ;
4. з величезною
точністю;
5.
дивлячись в майбутнє.
В) 1.
significantly better;
2. computing equipment;
3. in such a way;
4. human language;
5. everyday life.
Завдання 5. Дайте
вірні визначення наступним словам.
1. Instruction
a) very small
2. Tiny
b) an instrument that is
cleverly thought out
3. To understand
c) a single stage in the
development of something
4. Generation
d) an order or advice on
how to do something
5. Device
e) to know or get the
meaning of something
Завдання 6.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
тексту.
Now computer makers
introduce small computers into our life _________.
Each new generation of
computers is significantly better than _________.
Every day a new use is found
for computers _____________.
Computers provide the
answers to a large variety of problems _________.
Digital analogue computers
work differently and yield ___________.
Навчальні
тексти для реферування
Niels
Henrik
David
Bohr
(1885-1962,
Denmark)
Bohr
is regarded by many as the founder of the modern atomic theory and
certainly his theory of the hydrogen atom and the origin of spectra
as
published in 1913-1915 in the Philosophical Magazine has had a
profound influence on all subsequent work and thought in that field.
The Bohr theory has also been of great value in the study of the
chemical and physical properties of atoms and in their periodic
relationships. In 1911 Bohr received the doctor's degree from the
University of Copenhagen, after which he studied with J.J. Thomson
and Rutherford in England. In 1916
he became professor of physics at his "alma mater" and in
1920, director
of the newly founded Institute of Theoretical Physics at that
institution.
During
World War II he worked on the atomic bomb project in the United
States. In 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics and in
addition
he received many other medals and honours among which was an
honourable membership of Moscow University.
International travel has
completely changes for the last 30 years. Crossing the world is as
easy as getting from one side of a city to another. The world of air
travel has developed into a huge industry.
London`s Heathrow is one
of greatest airports of the world. It tops the list of both
international flights and international passengers. In 1989, it
handled 355,000 flights and over 38 million passengers with 57
million items of luggage. It has grown into a city in its own right,
employing 53,000 people full time.
Like all the great
airports, it dates back only to the last days of the Second World
War.
The
first runway was built on the flat land near
the village of Staines in 1944. It was a place of
historic interest. One of the most important Anglo-Saxon temples is
buried under Terminal Two, and the village of Heathrow is now under
the main car park. The airport has ghosts. A Saxon
prince has been seen near
the ponds, where he drowned, and an
outlaw rides through the
cargo sheds, with a three-cornered hat and a
black
horse. Heathrow has been operating as
an international airport since 1
January 1946, when a
British South American Airways Lancastrian took
off into the morning mists on a flight to Buenos
Aires. In February 1952, the Queen arrived
from Entebbe to set foot on British soil for the first time as
monarch.
Since
those early days, constant building has been
necessary to deal with the growth of air traffic and the demands of
air travellers. However, Heathrow shares the same problems as
all big airports - too many planes, too many people, and too much
crime. It is the centre-point of the great air routes between
Europe and North America in one direction, and between Europe and
the Gulf, Africa, and Asia in the other. It is alive with all the
citizens of this strange world,
rich and poor, honest and
dishonest. It is the Airport International par
excellence. The
scientist finds two temperature scales the most convenient. They
are the centigrade (or Celsius) scale and the absolute (or Kelvin)
scale. Many engineers use the Fahrenheit scale (currently in the
United States). The oldest thermometric scale was devised by
Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German instrument-maker. In 1714
Fahrenheit invented the mercury-in-glass thermometer. Zero degree
on the lowest temperature obtainable with a mixture of common salt
and water. For a higher reference point he selected the body
temperature of a healthy man. The interval between reference points
was divided into 96 equal parts. The
centigrade scale was devised in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer
Anders Celsius, who reasoned that water would make an excellent
primary thermal standard. For convenience, he established the zero
point on his scale at the freezing point of water and the 100-degree
mark at its boiling point. Both temperatures are measured at one
atmosphere pressure on air-saturated water. The relationship is
(°F) = 1.80 x (°C) + 32.0 Lord
Kelvin in 1848 used his knowledge of the behavior of gases to
predict a temperature that would represent the lowest energetic
state in which matter could exist. Theoretical predictions based on
thermodynamics indicate that absolute zero can never be attained.
Temperatures (T) on the absolute scale are measured in degrees
Kelvin (K) in his honour. The size of the degree is identical with
that on the centigrade scale. The relationship is (°K) = (°C) +
273.16
Cambridge is one of the two
main universities of England which is located at the Cam River. It
was founded at the beginning of the 12th century. The University
consists of 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women.
Each college is self-governing.
The head of the University is
the chancelor who is elected for life. The teachers are commonly
called «dons» and «tutors». Part of the teaching is by means of
lectures organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is
carried out by tutorial system for which Cambridge University is
famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition
organized by the colleges. Each student has a tutor who practically
guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the
student's work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to
discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The
academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural
and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many
other subjects.
After three years of
study a student may proceed to a Bachelor's degree, and later to the
degrees of Master and Doctor. Students are required to wear gowns
at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the
evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All
the students must pay for their education, examinations, books,
laboratories, university hostel, the use of libraries, etc.
Very few students get grants. Not many children from the working
class families are able to get higher education, as the cost is
high. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.
A number of great men,
well-known scientists and writers studied at Cambridge. Among them
are: Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Bacon, the philosopher,
Milton and Byron, the poets, Cromwell, the soldier, Newton and
Darwin, the scientists.
There are over 150
supercities in the world with population from one to 15 million and
more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and
Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become supercities.
People
in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad
air and noise. A new term, urban (городской)
climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature,
oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.
Some
experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the
big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO)
studied air pollution around the world for over eight years. It
measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute
water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of
people. In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most
considerable level of CO2
in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago and San Paulo.
However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki,
for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportion
of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating
of houses. One can also mention Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in
the same way.
Car manufacturer Henry Ford
laid the foundation for the revolutionary change in the entire motor
vehicle industry.
The key for mass production
was not the moving assembly line. It was the complete
interchangeability of parts and the simplicity of attaching them to
each other. These were the innovations that made the assembly line
possible. Taken together, they gave Ford tremendous advantage over
his competitors.
Ford's first efforts to
assemble his cars, beginning in 1903, were to set up assembly stands
on which a whole car was built. Each assembler performed many jobs
on one car and had to get the necessary parts for it.
The first step Ford took to
make this process more efficient was to deliver the parts to each
work station. Now each assembler remained in the same place all day.
Later in 1908 Ford decided that each assembler would perform only
one task and move around the factory from car to car. In 1913 cars
were placed on a moving assembly line. Each assembler performed one
task only and remained stationary. This innovation cut cycle time
from 2.3 minutes to 1.19 minutes, thus dramatically improving
productivity.
Ford's discovery
simultaneously reduced the amount of human effort needed to assemble
an automobile. What is more, the more vehicles Ford produced, the
more the cost per vehicle fell. In the early 1920s Ford produced 2
million identical vehicles a year.
Ford's mass production was
adopted in almost every industrial activity in America and Europe. Gases
pollute the atmosphere because they are produced too quickly to be
cleared away naturally by rain, winds or plant life. These poisonous
gases come from several sources such as oil producers, industries
which burn fuel, and motor vehicles. When the gases are released,
they have two harmful effects. Firstly, some of the gases are caught
by rain clouds and fall as acid rain, which damages the environment.
Secondly, increasing amounts of carbon dioxide forms a cover over
the earth, keeping the heat of the sun close to the earth’s
surface just like a greenhouse keeps heat in. The increase in carbon
dioxide is made worse by the cutting down of forests. Trees use
carbon dioxide, and the fewer trees there are, the more of this gas
remains in the air. The USA is now leading an international effort
to limit deforestation. In 1996, Washington set goals for industry,
and several international agreements have already been effective in
reducing the production of harmful gases. Only international
cooperation can solve this problem which, if not controlled, may
threaten all life on earth. There
are many problems which threaten our natural environment. New laws
have been introduced to stop factories polluting the atmosphere
because pollution is damaging our environment. The ozone layer is
getting thinner so more and more people are getting skin cancer. But
acid rain, global warming and air and water pollution are among the
most serious problems. There are several ways to help improve the
situation. Firstly, we should encourage recycling because it is the
production of new materials which causes the most damage. We must
learn to reuse things like plastic bags and glass jars. Secondly,
driving an environmentally-friendly car is also helpful.
Furthermore, joining an organisation reuse which plants trees or
cleans up beaches would be proof that you are really concerned about
the environment. Lastly, supporting groups such as Greenpeace, which
try to prevent many environmental disasters, would help to ensure
that our planet will be clean and safe for future generations. Astronauts
have to be physically and mentally ready for the stress and strain
of a space mission. To prepare them, astronauts are given intensive
training, which includes years of classroom study on various
technical subjects, and working in a model spaceship where they can
practice complicated flight operations and become used to all the
equipment on board. Apart from high intelligence, good
qualifications and an excellent level of fitness, astronauts must
have a strong character. They also have to be very courageous in
order to accept the high risks involved. Astronauts also have to
face other, more ordinary problems in space. What can be very
annoying is the limited variety of food, but the greatest challenge
is getting along with other members of their team as they often come
from different countries, with different backgrounds and habits.
Therefore they must be very patient with each other, since the lack
of privacy can become irritating. All in all, it seems that being an
astronaut is one of the most challenging jobs in the world.
Have you
ever thought about the effect tourism can have on an area? It may
seem, at first, that tourism brings only benefits, but further
consideration shows that it also has negative effects.
On the positive side, tourism provides
employment. Many local people find jobs in hotels and restaurants,
and shopkeepers have more customers. What is more, the extra income
means that local councils have more money to spend on expanding and
improving their facilities, thus making them better for both
visitors and residents. On
the other hand, tourism can do a great deal of harm. For example,
pollution is caused both by the increase in traffic and the litter
that visitors leave behind. In addition, local traditions and
lifestyles are replaced by new customs and habits. This creates
confusion among the local people and causes conflicts between young
and old. In
conclusion, an area can benefit from tourism in many ways. However,
it can also do a great deal of harm, and local residents should be
aware of this before deciding to encourage it.
1.
As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we
receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are
taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts
about the world and shown how to sort them out so that later in
life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask
other people.
The
first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the
history of man children began to be taught by people other than
their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started
in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of
writing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite
different from the skills used in everyday life, and writing made it
possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation.
Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.
2.
Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which
taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. In ancient
India the priestly caste decided what should be taught to each of
the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided.
Only
the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures. In
China, until the 19th
century, education was organized according to social classes, and
consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart.
3.
A clear example of the way in which even neighbouring peoples
produce different types of education comes from ancient Greece.
Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and
warlike people, gave a purely military education to their children.
At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their
homes and sent to live in schools. They were kept under a very
strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting,
swimming and the use of weapons. The Spartans despised literature,
and some people think they could not even read.
At
the very same time, also for the nobles only, the Athenians were
building what we call a liberal education – one that helps a man
to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate
beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life. They
thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and
had a programme of physical training which consisted of running,
jumping, wresting and throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian
education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature
and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the
"grammatist". Common people were not educated; they were
trained in craftsmanship, workmanship, trades.
Greek
philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what education should
try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The
Republic,
which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since
those days Greek ideas have influenced European education,
especially secondary and university education.
The word
smog comes
from smoke and
fog. Smog
is a sort of fog with other substances mixed in. Smog has been here
a long time. Billions of years ago, volcanoes sent millions of tons
of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped up dust clouds. Animal
and vegetable matter decayed, adding polluting gases.
When people came along, they
began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered
fire. In the Middle Ages, people in cities such as London used soft
coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires, combined with
moisture in the air, produced dense layers of smog. The smog would
blanket the city for days, particularly in winter. The heat
generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome-like
shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city. Smog,
and the chemicals and other substances in it, can be harmful, even
deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat, and
the lungs. Eyes water, throats get sore, people cough. Smog can make
people ill. And it can make sick people sicker. Air pollution has
been linked to eczema, asthma, emphysema, cardiovascular
difficulties, and lung and stomach cancer. It also has a harmful
effect on the environment. Food crops and animals suffer. Paint may
peel from houses. It is obvious that we must do everything possible
to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog. Smog,
along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of atmospheric
pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not
become visible until it is mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from
leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons (unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide,
and other gases may pollute the air without being seen. All air is
polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries some polluting
substances. Much of it is natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes,
dust stirred up by the wind, compounds given off by growing
vegetation, gases given off by rotting animal and vegetable matter,
salt particles from the oceans, and so on. One
of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel.
Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or
communication, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody
knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trance of the wheel
during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians
until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during
the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At
first all wheels were solid discs. The
problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the came
time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and
they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made.
Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber. Light
two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time
passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people
joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled
vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving
in them. In
the West first steam carriage was invented in France. The
three-wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder
steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking
pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce
enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15
minutes. The
steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved
steam road carriages. Their further development was prevented by
railway companies. The rapid spread of railways in the United
Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast
as well as a brilliant engineer.
1
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Методичні вказівки лексика. Робота над текстом.
1 Семестр. (всі спеціальності) unit 1 albert einstein.
Words and Expressions to be Learnt
Unit 2 our star — the sun.
Words to be learnt
Unit 3 flood defence system.
Notes on the Text
Words to Be Learn
Unit 4 radio and tv march ahead.
Words and Expressions to Be Learnt
5) Some of the aims of radio and tv are to acquaint people with … unit 4
In the chemical laboratory.
Notes on the Text
Words to Be Learnt
Unit 5 d. I. Mendeleyev — pride of russian science
Notes on the Text
Words to Be Learnt
Unit 6 ernest rutherford
Notes on the Text
2 Семестр. (всі спеціальності) unit 1 Academician Igor Kurchatov (1903 – 1960)
Notes on the Text
Unit 2 Lasers today and tomorrow.
Notes on the Text
Words to be learnt
Unit 3 astronomical capital of the world.
Notes on the Text
Unit 4 The unique telescope.
Unit 5 Hydrogen – source of power.
Words to be learnt
Unit 6 Today’s astonishing computers.
Notes on the Text
Words to be Learnt
Heathrow, London’s Airport
The Temperature Scales
Cambridge
Ecological Problems of Big Cities
Mass Production
The Greenhouse effect
Efforts made to protect the environment
Training astronauts
Tourism: advantages and disadvantages
History of education
Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities
The wheel, steam carriages and railways
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