Grammar in Use

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Developing a warehouse strategy requires the answers to two questions. 2. Warehouses can also postpone commitment to final product configuration by completing final packaging, labeling, and light manufacturing. 3. Ware-housing plays a key role in performing reverse logistics. 4. All types of containerization have the basic objective of increasing handling or transport efficiency. 5. At most warehouses, unloading are performed mechanically, using a combination of a lift truck and manual processes. 6. The most obvious communications role is identifying package contents for all channel members. 7. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. 8. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose on the “night vision system.” 9. One of the main problems of a driver on the road is keeping the speed constant and watching the cars ahead. 10. Before starting a car one must examine it carefully.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the forms and functions of the Gerund.

1. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of transportation processes. 2. Driving a truck in the city is difficult. 3. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose 4. On being turned on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or slow-moving objects on the road. 5. The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means of controlling traffic.6. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 7. Monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new development of the car designers. 8. On seeing a red light on a panel and on hearing a warning sound the driver should decrease the speed. 9. By picking up infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the car an image-processing system produces different images of objects. ^{10. Numerous methods have been developed} for producing ^{metal castings for machine-building industry.}

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to prepositions before Gerund: in –при; upon - після, при; by - таким чином, за допомогою; without -без

^{1. In building new metallurgical works, engineers} have to solve ^{many different problems. 2. In melting steel, foundry men use} electric ^{furnaces, crucible furnaces and converters. 3. Liquids and gases expand} on ^heating. 4. On ^completing the ^{construction, the} cupola ^{was tested} in operation. ^5. Casting is a process of forming metal objects by melting metal and ^{pouring it} into molds. 6. By introducing ^{new foundry} methods the ^engineers improve ^the quality ^{of castings and the speed of} manufacture. ^{7. High-grade castings} cannot be ^produced _without employing _{electric furnaces. 8.} Most castings cannot be employed as parts of complex mechanisms without machining and ^finishing.

Exercise 16. Compare the translation of Gerunds Indefinite Active and Passive in the following sentences

A) in the function of the subject

1. Exchanging the product between handlers or moving it from one facility to another wastes time and increases the potential for product damage. Product being exchanged between handlers or moving from one facility to another wastes time and increases the potential for its damage. 2. Utilizing warehouse facilities for spot stocking allows inventories to be placed in a variety of markets adjacent to key customers just prior to a maximum period of seasonal sales. Their being utilized for spot stocking allows inventories to be placed in a variety of markets adjacent to key customers just prior to a maximum period of seasonal sales. 3. Designing package requires a great deal of time. Package being designed requires a great deal of time.

B) in the function of an object

1. They find difficulty in hiring warehouse operating personnel. They do not approve of your being hired for this job. 2. The company did not succeed in entering the American market. He is sorry for his company being declined to enter the American market. 3. The competitive ability of our warehouse depends on our offering a range of for-hire services to customers. Customers avoid being offered value-added services.

C) in the function of an adverbial modifier

1. We cannot transport these products without packaging them. These products cannot be transported without being packaged. 2. One cannot store these hazardous materials at the warehouse without asking for permission. One cannot store these hazardous materials at the warehouse without being given permission. 3. They increased the production efficiency by using the new improved technologies. The technologies increased the production efficiency by being used in a new improved way.

Exercise17. Define the functions and translate Gerunds (Indefinite and Perfect) in the following sentences

1. The company has a reputation for experimenting with warehouse technologies to support its operations. The company has a reputation for having experimented with warehouse technologies to support its operations. 2. After reaching the warehouse merchandise and materials were unloaded. After having reached the warehouse merchandise and materials were unloaded. 3. The paint industry mentioned its minimizing the impact on the environment. The paint industry mentioned its having minimized the impact on the environment. 4. There was a sound of the lift truck being brought to the warehouse. There was a sound of the lift truck having been brought to the warehouse. 5. The warehouse can increase the added value of a product by refining packaging. The warehouse increased the added value of a product by having refined packaging. 6. He has a feeling of improving his company's competitive position. He had a feeling of having improved his company's competitive position.

Exercise 18. Make up the dialog by means answering the following questions.

1. What are you fond of doing? 2. Are you fond of skating? 3. What do you like better: reading or playing with computer? 4. Do you remember going to University for the first time? What can you say about that day? 5. What films have you seen lately? Which of them is worth seeing? 6. How many English books have you read this year? Which of them are worth reading? 7. What do you dream of becoming? 8. What are you busy doing now? 9. What do we use for cutting bread? 10. Where do you intend spending your holidays?