Unit 3 Machine-tools

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Machine-tools

Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.

All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tools, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and lubrication.

Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been developed lately. They include chemical machining, spark erosion to machine very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between an electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using ultrasound, and cutting by means of a laser beam. Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.

Lathe is steel the important machine-tool. It produces parts of circular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its surface with a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be moved sideways to produce a cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control the depth of cut. Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That allows continuous rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. The modern lathe is driven by means of a headstock supporting a hollow spindle on accurate bearings and carrying either a chuck or a faceplate, to which the workpiece is clamped. The movement of the tool, both along the lather bed and at right angle to it, an be accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close tolerances. Modern lathe are often under numerical control.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Find where in the text it is said about the points given below. Put down the number of a paragraph.

1. workpiece;

2. spark erosion;

3. circular cross-section;

4. head stock;

Exercise 2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

1) workpiece 2) spark erosion 3) lat

is the most important machine-tool producing parts of circular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its surface with a sharp stationary tool. is the material to be shaped is machining very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark between an electrode and a workpiece.

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions. Find answers in the text. Put the number of the paragraph.

1. What are machine-tools used for?

2. How are most machine-tools driven nowadays?

3. What facilities have all machine-tools?

4. How are the cutting tools and the workpiece cooled during machining?

5. What other machining methods have been developed lately?

6. What system are used now for the manufacture of a range of products without the use of manual labour?

7. What parts can be made with lathes?

8. How can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe?

9. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe?

10. What is numerical control of machine tools used for?

Exercise 4. Say if the following statements are true or false:

1. Machine tools are used to shape metals and other materials.

2. Machine-tools with electrical drive are slower and less accurate than hand tools.

3. Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.

4. Nowadays all lathe are power driven by steam engine.

5. The movement of the tool, both along the lather bed and at left angle to it, cannot be accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close tolerances.

6. Modern lathes are seldom under numerical control.

Exercise 5. Define advantages of modern machine-tools.

Exercise 6 Describe the functions of a lathe.

Exercise 7. Make up a plan covering the main ideas. Discuss the text according to the plan.

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