Exercises

Exercise 1. Find where in the text it is said about the points given below. Put down the number of a paragraph.

1. processes of casting, rolling, forging;

2. pig iron;

3. steel;

4. non-ferrous alloys.

Exercise 2. Match the words and word combinations on the left with their definitions on the right.

1. cast iron 2. high-speed steels 3. wrought iron 4. the mechanical strength of materials steel pig iron

is an alloys of iron and carbon is the starting point in the production of all the other ferrous materials. is the ability to withstand tensile, compressive and shearing stresses under all kinds of loads. is the iron from which nearly all carbon and most of the sulphur, phosphorus have been removed by puddling. is pig iron which has been modified in structure by remelting in a cupola are iron-carbon alloys.

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions. Find answers in the text. Put down the number of the paragraph.

1. What engineering processes do you know?

2. What are the principal ferrous materials?

3. What does pig iron contain?

4. Why are tungsten and molibdenum added to high-speed steels?

5. What factors should be taken into consideration in selecting a high-speed steel?

6. How have non-ferrous alloys been grouped?

7. What chief requirement is for copper-base alloys?

8. Why are aluminium-base alloys widely used in machine-building industry?

9. What kinds of non-ferrous alloys are there?

10. Why must the processing engineer know the mechanical strength of materials?

Exercise 4. Say if the following statements are true or false:

1. Pig iron contains from 92 to 97 per cent iron, the remainder being carbon, silicon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorus.

2. Wrought iron is now often produced.

3. The addition of tungsten and molibdenum to high-speed steels improves their hardness, toughness, heat resistance, wear resistance.

4. Copper-base alloys are used where high corrosion is the chief requirement.

5. Aluminium-base alloys are used because of their resistance to corrosion.

6. Mechanical strength is defined by numerous machine-tools to be found at any plant and laboratory.

Exercise 5. Discussion points.

1. The difference between ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.

2. The common properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

3. The mechanical strength of materials is the most important property for the processing engineer.

4. The difference between heat treatment and alloying.

Vocabulary.

to fracture to arrange to bend (bent, bent) to draw ( drew, drawn) to hammer grain extrusion metal fatigue creep ductile rolling forging quenching tempering inclusion transformer core case-hardening stamping pig iron wrought iron cupola roughly wear resistance grindability strength of materials to withstand tensile

ломать-(ся), разрушение располагать сгибать, гнуться волочить, тянуть ковать зерно экструзия усталость металла ползучесть ковкий, пластичный прокатка ковка закалка отпуск после закалки, включение трансформаторный сердечник упрочнение цементацией штамповка чугун в чушках сварочное железо вагранка грубо сопротивление на износ шлифование сопротивление материалов выдерживать срез растяжимый

ламатися, зруйнування, злам розташовувати згинати волочити, тягти кувати зерно екструзія втомленість металу повзучість ковкий, пластичний прокатування кування загартування, охолодження нормалізація включення трансформаторний сердечник укріплення цементацією штампування чавун в чушках зварювальне залізо вагранка грубо опір на зніс шліфування опір матеріалів витримувати зріз розтяжний