Speaking

4. Summarize the text “The Movement of Holes” in 100 words using the following plan:

1. The description of Figure 1.

2. The description of Figure 2.

3. The description of Figure 3.

4. The description of Figure 4.

5. Intrinsic conduction.

6. Changes of conductivity under specific conditions.

4. Describe the process of recombination to your group mate using active terms of the Unit and the Present Perfect

4. Try to work as an interpreter. Translate the explanation of the way the electron frees itself given by your group mates from Russian into English.

4. Translate the text, which contains additional information about electron-hole movement with a dictionary in writing. Pay attention to the new words and the use of the Present Perfect.

Measuring the Movement of Holes in Crystal Surfaces

Vacancies in crystal surfaces are holes where atoms are missing from otherwise regular and uniform crystal lattices. Scientists have suspected for some time that vacancies are responsible for motion in crystals.

This motion occurs as the holes trade places with atoms, leading to atom-sized bubbles that percolate across crystal facets.

Now, researchers at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands have managed to measure vacancy motion in a copper crystal, and they have found that the holes are surprisingly mobile.

The discovery has important implications for the semiconductor industry and technologies that rely on tiny surface structures that may be gradually destroyed through vacancy mediated motion.

The researchers used a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to study vacancy motion by monitoring the positions of indium atoms embedded in a copper lattice.

Because vacancies move rapidly, changing places with atoms roughly a hundred million times each second at room temperature, comparatively slow STMs cannot image vacancies directly. Instead, the researchers calculated vacancy motion by tracking the positions of the indium atoms.

From one image to another, indium atoms exhibited long jumps which result from multiple vacancy interactions. Essentially, the indium atoms move across the copper crystal in much the same way that individual pieces may be maneuvered from one place to another in toys known as slide puzzles.

Although high vacancy mobility may be bad news for manufacturers of microstructures, the new insights will potentially help to optimize crystal growing procedures vital to the semiconductor industry.

In future work, the researchers plan to create vacancies artificially by selectively removing atoms from a chilled crystal surface. Provided that crystal is sufficiently cooled, the vacancies should move slowly enough to show up in STM images.