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Unit VII

The Movement of Holes

Language Work Present Perfect Active (I have patented)

Affirmative

I/we/you/they

have

accumulated/invented/designed

he/she/it

has

For example:

  • Our scientists and engineers have recently developed and introduced a whole range of important inventions.

  • Look! A hole has appeared at point A.

Negative

I/we/you/they

haven’t

accumulated/invented/designed

he/she/it

hasn’t

For example:

  • We haven’t received perfect results in these tests.

  • The inventor hasn’t introduced his innovation yet.

Questions

Have

I/we/you/they

accumulated/invented/designed?

Has

he/she/it

For example:

  • Has an electron freed itself yet?

Present Perfect Passive (measurements have been done)

Affirmative

they

have

been

tested/checked/developed

it

has

For example:

  • A synthetic diamond has been created in laboratory by Belarusian scientists.

Negative

they

haven’t

been

tested/checked/developed

it

hasn’t

For example:

  • Unfortunately some technical devices have been patented by people, who didn’t invent these devices.

Questions

Have

they

been

tested/checked/developed?

Has

it

For example:

  • Has hadron collider been started?

  • Have covalent bonds been broken?

  1. Fill in the table.

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Translation

Transcription

analog

be analogous (to), have analogy (to, with)

analogous

аналог

[q′nxlqg]

appearance

появление

[q′pIqrqns]

approximate

приблизительный

[q′prqVksimit]

carrier

носитель

[′kxrIq]

design

проектировать

[dI′zaIn]

hydrogen

водород

[′haIdrIGqn]

introduce

внедрять

[‚intrq′dju:s]

observe

наблюдать

[qb′zq:v]

oxygenous

кислородный

[Ok′siGInqs]

phosphorus

фосфор

[′fOsfqrqs]