3.6. Review Exercises

Ex.1. Translate the following. Pay attention to the infinitives and infinitive constructions:

a) 1. The traditional approach to this problem is to consider each new process as a new problem.2. I think he should do this job but you can’t force him if he’s not ready. 3. Try not to be late. There is a lot of work to be done. 4. It’s difficult to understand what she is talking about. 5. He doesn’t seem to be writing anything now. 6. I’m going to start now in order not to miss the beginning of the conference. 7. Who was the last to come? 8. We never expected you to do so much work for us. 9. It’s essential for the classrooms to have plenty of light. 10. They are believed to be discussing an urgent problem. 11. He is unlikely to share your point of view. 12. The neutrons and protons of an atom are known to be linked together to form a nucleus. 13. These chemical changes appear to have been caused by heat. 14. The discovery of a laser is sure to be of great value. 15. It is very good for this engine to have been repaired before the experiment begins. 16. Today scientists are conducting space research in order to study the Earth’s space environment and our solar system.17. A problem to be solved by a computer must be expressed in mathematical terms. 18. It takes much time for the reaction to be completed at a low temperature. 19. To make computers work fast is a very significant task. 20. The changes in air temperature prove to have affected the operation of this device. 21. It required some more experiments for the engineer to prove the precision of the results obtained. 22. I have never heard anyone give so much interesting information in one report. 23. These data appear to have helped the engineers greatly. 24. This new method of the data processing proved to be very effective. 25. The load to be applied was very great. 26. The laws of motion to be analysed in this text are known to have been formulated by Newton. 27. To study applied mechanics one should know mathematics. 28. Plastics are supposed to be used instead of metals in many cases. 29. The aim of any research is to enlarge the possibility offered by modern science and to make nature serve man. 30. To programme a computer is to analyse the problem to be solved and to make a plan for solving it. 31. One cannot expect a complicated problem of using solar energy to be solved in a year or so. 32. Lavoisier was the first to discover the importance of quantitative analysis of chemical elements. 33. Some materials with new useful properties may be produced in space. 34. The latest achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make ar revolution in industry. 35. Recommendations from physicists will allow the necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution. 36. Lasers are sure to do some jobs better and more economically than other devices. 37. Sound is known to travel in water at the speed of about a mile a second. 38. Scientists found beta-rays to consist of negative particles. 39. Digital computers are likely to be wider used than analogue ones.

b) A. Popov is known to be one of the first to use the results obtained by H. Hertz practically. In fact many scientists knew Hertz to have proved the existence of electro-magnetic waves and to have studied their behaviour. But Popov was the first to construct an apparatus to transmit electro-magnetic waves at a distance.

In 1895 A.Popov was allowed to demonstrate his device at a meeting held at St. Petersburg University. He expected the audience to realize the advantages of his device as an apparatus for transmitting signals. Scientists and millitary men present at the sitting believed the new device to be efficient. Popov was suggested to perfect it by increasing the range of its action. The scientist made his new device serve two purpоses: to send signals and to record the received signals. When the apparatus was tested on battleships the observers could hear and see the device successfully perform both functions- sending and receiving audible signals.

2. The ancient Greeks are known to have been great watchers of the sky and also great thinkers. As they watched the sky night after night, it was natural for them to think that the Earth stood and the stars, planets, the sun and the moon were moving round the Earth in space. They thought the Sun to be between Venus and Mars. To explain the movement of the planets, however, was very difficult. Then one day a young scientist named Copernicus at Cracow University in Poland supposed the sun and not the Earth to be the centre of everything. He was the first to explain properly our solar system. The ancient Greeks had made the mistake thinking that because the stars and planets seemed to move as they looked at the sky, the Earth must stand. If you sat in a train and looked out at the trees, it would be easy to understand their mistake.The trees seem to be moving backwards, but really it is the train that is moving forwards.

d) We know the water transport in ancient time to have been developing more rapidly on great rivers. The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies. These ships, usually called galleys, continued to be used till 1750.

The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed long voyages to be made with much greater safety. At the end of the 15th century sailing vessels are known to have carried men from Europe to America and round Africa to India.

The middle of the 19th century proved to be the highest point in the development of sailing ships.

One of the earliest steamboats is known to have been tested at the end of the 18th century. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the “Savannah” which made the crossing in 1819. Like all the early steamships it had sails. By the middle of the 19th century it became possible to build much larger ships for iron and steel began to replace timber.

The rapid increase in the size and power of ships was promoted by the industrial revolution. The industrial countries produced great quantities of goods which were carried to all parts of the world by ships. During the same period a great deal was done to improve ports and that permitted larger ships to use them and to make loading and unloading more quickly.

Ex. 2. Insert «to» before the infinitives where necessary:

1. May I … use your telephone? 2. I would rather … stay at home today. 3. Would you like … go to London ? 4. We wanted … speak to him but could not … find his telephone number. 5. Let me … help you with your term-paper. 6. I think they will be able … solve this problem. 7. We shall do all we can … help you. 8. What makes you … think you are right? 9. She is not likely … change her opinion. 10. She made me … repeat my words several times. 11. Nobody noticed them … come in and … sit down. 12. Is there anybody … help you with your spelling? 13. I heard him … tell the teacher about it. 14. She felt something … touch her hand. 15. We had … learn new words in order … write a test. 16. I have only a few minutes … explain it to you.

Ex. 3. Choose the correct forms:

1. ( To be instructed, to instruct) by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 2. Isn’t it natural that we like ( to praise, to be praised)? 3. The function of the device was (to transform, to have transformed) water into steam. 4. I should like (to repeat, to be repeated) this test. 5. I should like this reaction ( to repeat, to be repeated). 6. Here are some facts (to have proved,to prove) your theory. 7. He is very forgetful but he doesn’t like (to remind, to be reminded) of his duties. 8. They remembered ( to have been told, to have told) about the new time-table. 9. Many new textbooks are expected (to have been publishing, to be published) soon. 10. Many new books are known ( to be published, to be publishing) in our country every year. 11. First sputniks are known ( to have led, to be leading) the way into space for man. 12. These chemical changes appear ( to have caused, to have been caused) by heat. 13. Nearly a month is required for the Moon (to circle, to be circling) the Earth. 13. The history of automatic computers is believed ( to have started, to have been started) with Charles Babbage – a professor of mattematics at Cambridge University. 14. In our age of atomic energy the number of calculations (to be making, to be made) is enormous.

Ex.4 Open the brackets using the proper form of the infinitive:

1. He seems (read) a lot. He seems (read) now. He seems (read) since morning. He seems (read) all these books. 2. She hoped (help) her friends. She hoped (help) by her friends. 3. I hope (see) you soon. 4. We expect (be) back in two days. 5. She seems (work) at this problem ever since she came here. 6. I am glad (carry) out all laboratory works last week. 7. I am sorry (add) some more trouble by what I have told you. 8. What is he working on now? He is thought (work) on his diploma paper. 9. I hate (bother) you but the students are still waiting (give) books for their work. 10. He is supposed (carry) out this research for a year already. 11. We know Popov (demonstrate) his device in 1895. We suppose him (work) very hard at the problem of radio communication. 12. Scientists believe new laser devices (use) widely in medicine. 13. We know the first digital optical disks (produce) in 1982 as disks for music.

Ex.5 Transform these sentences according to the models and translate them into Russian:

Model 1.

1	I have no books which I can read.	I have no books to read.
2	He is sorry that he has said it.	He is sorry to have said it.

1. There was another complicated problem that we were to consider. 2. She was sorry that she had missed the lecture. 3. Is there anybody who will help you with your spelling? 4. I am glad that I can see all my friends here. 5. There was nothing that he could do except go home. 6. I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. 7. We must wait till we hear the examination results. 8. Don’t promise that you will do it, if you are not sure that you can. 9. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct.

Model 2.

1	The rule was so difficult that they didn’t understand it.	The rule was too difficult to understand it.
2	He was so clever that he could answer any question.	He was clever enough to answer any question.

1. The weather was so hot that we couldn’t go out. 2. The problem is so difficult that it is impossible to solve it. 3. She is so busy that she cannot talk with you. 4. They were so quick that they could do it directly. 5. He is quite well and can go out again now. 6. I am so excited that I can’t think. 7. The rule was so difficult that they didn’t understand it. 8. This novel is so short that it can be read in a few hours. 9. She was so inattentive that she didn’t notice the mistake.

Model 3.

1	I expect that you will join our excursion.	I expect you to join our excursion.
2	It is expected that you will join our excursion.	You are expected to join our excursion.

1. She expected that her brother would bring her the book. 2. I know that your uncle is an excellent mathematician. 3. It is considered that his invention is of great importance. 4. I should like to see how he would say it to my face. 5. I expected that he would help you to solve your problem. 6. He heard that someone called his name. 7. It appeared that they had lost the way. 8. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space. 9. It is said that the weather in Europe was exceedingly hot last summer. 10. It seems that they have heard all about it. 11. It turned out that my prediction was correct. 12. Everybody knows that this device has been designed in that laboratory.

Model 4.

1	We heard a car stop outside the door.	We heard that a car stopped outside the door.
2	Here are some more facts to prove your theory.	Here are some more facts which will prove your theory.
3	These devices are considered to be very effective.	It is considered that these devices are very effective.

1. I am glad to have spoken with you. 2. It seems to be correct. 3. Have you ever seen them help their friends? 4. The new rocket is reported to go into operation next year. 5. Here are some articles to be translated for tomorrow. 6. He works too slowly to be much use. 7. He seems to know English very well: he is said to have spent some years in London. 8. They are supposed to have been working at the problem for the last two months. 9. He was happy to be praised by everybody. 10. I have brought you the book to read. 11. He hopes to complete the work by Friday. 12. The discussion seemed to be coming to an end. 13. We didn’t expect him to return so soon. 14. We often see him talk with his students. 15. I know him to be carrying out an interesting experiment. 16. For a long time atom was thought to be indivisible.

Ex.6 Change the following sentences according to the models. Use the verbs suggested:

Model 1.

I think she is quite young. (believe)

I believe her to be quite young.

1. I didn’t think he would learn this rule.(mean)

2. I think that you must not speak like that.(want)

3. I thought he had kept his promise.(believe)

4. I don’t think that they will come.(expect)

5. We think that he has done it already.(believe)

Model 2.

The train is running late. (seem)

The train seems to be running late.

1. He is working on his diploma paper.(think)

2. They have graduated from the Institute.(suppose)

3. They are arriving tomorrow.(expect)

4. All the students were asked to come.(believe)

5. These goods have been paid for.(appear)

6. He finished his letter yesterday.(seem)

7. The train has left already.(announce)

Ex. 7 Make up questions matching the suggested parts. Answer the questions:

What do (not) you

expect want hate like make

your parents your friends your sister(brother) your teacher your dean

to do if you

are ill? invite friends? are tired? have (not) made your hometask? want to go to the cinema? fail at your exam? Have made some false step?

Ex. 8 Make up questions and answer them. Give your reasons:

What is more pleasant(easier, tiresome,…):

1. to criticize or to be criticized; 2. to invite or to be invited; 3. to teach somebody or to be taught; 4. to take care of somebody or to be taken care of; 5. to help somebody or to be helped.

Ex. 9 Give your opinion about the following, answering “why - questions”:

Model. to give a piece of advice – to take (to follow) smb’s advice

St. A: Why is it easier (better, more difficult, less troublesome, less dangerous, a great fun, etc.) to give a piece of advice than to follow it?

St. B: To give a piece of advice is easier (than to follow it) because it doesn’t cost one anything.

1. to promise – to keep one’s promise;

2. to tell the truth (that may hurt a person) – to tell a lie (to save somebody);

3. to be wealthy – to be healthy;

4. to be pleased with oneself – to please others;

5. to have few real friends – to have a lot of nice acquaintances;

Ex. 10 Characterize:

a) the listed things and notions:

Model. refrigerator

St. A: What is a refregirator?

St. B: It’s something to keep food in. (Wherever it’s possible give several versions)

paper; communication media; buildings; arguments; classrooms; laboratories; language; reference books; thermometers.

b) the following listed words from the point of view of activities that are likely to be associated with them:

Model: time

St. A: no time to spare

St. B: no time to be wasted

St. C: a lot of time to spend

St. D: time to enjoy

Institute; failure; a problem; a teacher; data; news; point of view; difficulties; money; laboratory works; specialists.

c) the following groups of people:

Model. Teachers are known (likely, supposed, expected, etc…) to be good judges of man’s possibilities.

students; managers; cosmonauts; car drivers; friends; programmers; technologists.