Which part of the text does each statement refer to?

#1. There are two chief fields of linguistics. (…)

#2. Linguists try to answer questions about language. (…)

#3. Linguists analyze the speech of one or more native speakers of that language. (…)

#4. The number of sentences in a language is infinite. (…)

#5. Linguists gather data then establish facts about language. (…)

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguists try to answer questions about language, such as how languages change and why words mean what they mean. Linguists study both their own languages and languages they do not speak.

2. When linguists study a modern language, they analyze the speech of one or more native speakers of that language. They call such a person an informant. Many languages have no written form.

3. Therefore, linguists must often use a set of symbols called a phonetic alphabet to write down the speech sounds of an informant. Linguists also study dead languages to trace the development of modern ones.

4. Linguists gather data, form theories and test them, and then establish facts about language. These experts believe they know extremely little about even the most familiar languages.

5. They hope to record and study unfamiliar tongues before such languages become extinct. There are two chief fields of linguistics, descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics.

6. All languages have a creative aspect. It consists of the ability of native speakers to produce and understand sentences that they have never encountered before. The number of sentences in a language is infinite, and so no language could be described by listing these sentences. Instead, the linguist devises a grammar that explains, step by step, how to construct any form of sentence in the language.

7. Many linguists study aspects of language that involve other fields. For example, anthropological linguists study the influences that language and other elements of culture exert on one another.

8. Sociolinguists try to find out how language varies with differences in age, sex, and economic and social status.

9. Psycholinguists seek regularities in the ways people acquire and use language. They also study diseases and injuries that affect the ability to use language.

10. Mathematical linguists are interested in the relation between human languages and artificial languages used in computer programming.

$VA00010,1,1,1,0,1

Which part of the text does each statement refer to?

#1. “Make out “can mean ‘perceive’ or ‘imply’. (…)

#2. Single-word synonyms are often much more formal in style than phrasal verbs. (…)

#3. Phrasal verbs are two or more words including a verb and an adverb or preposition. (…)

#4. The meaning of a phrasal verb can differ greatly from the meanings of the two words used independently. (…)

#5. It is even suggested that single-word equivalents or synonyms should be used instead of phrasal verbs. (…)

1. According to the definitions presented in many dictionaries of phrasal verbs, they are two or more words including a verb and an adverb or preposition, which are used together as a verb and have a different meaning from the verb alone. They are extremely common in English.

2. They are often a particular problem for learners of English. There are several reasons for this. One reason is that in many cases, even though students may be familiar with both the verb in the phrasal verb and with the particle, they may not understand the meaning of the combination, since it can differ greatly from the meanings of the two words used independently.

3. For example, make, put, out and off are all very common words which students will encounter in their first weeks of learning English.

4. Yet, the combinations “make out” and “put off” are not transparent. “Make out” can mean ‘perceive’ or ‘imply’, and “put off” can mean ‘postpone’ or ‘deter’, amongst other meanings: these meanings are unrelated to the meanings of the individual words in the combinations.

5. The fact that phrasal verbs often have a number of different meanings adds to their complexity.

6. It is often said that phrasal verbs tend to be rather ‘colloquial’ or ‘informal’ and more appropriate to spoken English than written. It is even suggested that single-word equivalents or synonyms should be used instead of phrasal verbs.

7. But in many cases phrasal verbs and their synonyms have different range of use, meaning, or collocation. Single-word synonyms are often much more formal in style than phrasal verbs.

8. The set of English phrasal verbs is constantly growing and changing. They form patterns which can to some extent be anticipated.

9. Particles often have particular meanings of their own which may be used in a variety of combinations. For example, there is relationship in meaning between the following phrasal verbs: “cool off”, “ease off”, “wear off”.

10. The dictionaries of phrasal verbs present the most problematic verbs for students of English. They are considered to be problematic as they occur in a large number of combinations with different particles.

$VA00011,1,1,1,0,1