Which part of the text does each statement refer to?

#1. The characters and situations of the short story are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel. (…)

#2. In the 20th century the short story is also often used for science fiction. (…)

#3. The short story usually centers around a single incident. (…)

#4. Poetry is often divided into lyric and narrative. (…)

#5. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose. (…)

1. The short story is a short work of prose fiction, which in general either sets up and resolves a single narrative point or sets up and leaves hanging a mood or an atmosphere. It usually centers around a single incident.

2. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.

3. Various lengths of short narrative fiction were used before, and as alternatives to, the novel, and many writers of the 19th century wrote occasional short stories, but the form achieved real significance in the hands of Chekhov, Kipling, de Maupassant and Katherine Mansfield, and Hemingway.

4. In the 20th century the short story is also often used for genre pieces such as detective fiction and science fiction.

5. Poetry is the imaginative expression of emotion or thought, often in metrical form, and often in figurative language. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose (ordinary written language), especially with the term verse or rhythmical arrangement of words, although the distinction is not always clear cut.

6. Poetry is often divided into lyric, or song-like poetry (sonnet, ode, elegy, pastoral), and narrative, or story-telling poetry (ballad, lay, epic). Poetic form has also been used as a vehicle for satire, parody, and expositions of philosophical, religious, and practical subjects.

7. Free verse is poetry without metrical form.

8. At the beginning of the 20th century, under the very different influences of Whitman and Mallarmè, many poets became convinced that the 19th century had done most of what could be done with regular metrical forms.

9. Many poets rejected regular metre in much the same spirit as Milton had rhyme, preferring irregular metres which made it possible to express thought clearly and without distortion.

10. This was true of T.S.Eliot and the Imagists; it was also true of poets who, like the Russians Yessenin and Mayakovsky, placed emphasis on public performance. The freeness of free verse is largely relative.

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Which part of the text does each statement refer to?

#1. Coleridge defined prose as “words in their best order”. (…)

#2. Nonfiction is factual writing about real-life situations. (…)

#3. Literature is one of the fine arts. (…)

#4. We often speak of the literature of a period or refer to the literature of a subject. (…)

#5. Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. (…)

1. Literature, in its broadest sense, is everything that has ever been written. In a narrower sense, there are various kinds of “literatures”. For example, we may read literature written in a certain language, such as French literature.

2. We also study writings about a people – the literature of the American Indian. We often speak of the literature of a period, such as literature of the 1800’s. We also refer to the literature of a subject, as in the literature of gardening.

3. But the word literature, in its strictest sense, means more than printed words. Literature is one of the fine arts. It refers to belles-lettres, a French phrase that means beautiful writing.

4. Literature has two main divisions: fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. Authors may include facts about real persons or events, but they combine these facts with imaginary situations.

5. Most fiction is narrative writing, such as novels and short stories. Fiction also includes drama and poetry.

6. Nonfiction is factual writing about real-life situations. The chief forms of nonfiction include the essay, history, biography, autobiography, and diary.

7. The great body of world literature consists of words set apart in some way from ordinary everyday communication. In the ancient oral traditions, before stories and poems were written down, literature had a mainly public function – mythic and religious.

8. As literary works came to be preserved in writing, and then, eventually, printed, their role tended to become more private, as a vehicle for the exploration and expression of emotion and of the human situation.

9. Aesthetic criteria came increasingly to the fore; the English poet and critic Coleridge defined prose as “words in their best order”, and poetry as the “best words in the best order”.

10. The distinction between verse and prose is not always clear cut, but in practice poetry tends to be metrically formal (making it easier to memorize), whereas prose corresponds more closely to the patterns of ordinary speech.

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