Which part of the text does each statement refer to?

#1. Expressive criticism examines the artist’s background and conscious or unconscious motives. (…)

#2. Formal criticism may compare a work with others of its genre (kind). (…)

#3. Criticism tries to examine the principles by which literary works may be understood. (…)

#4. Criticism also helps society remain aware of the value of both past and present works of art. (…)

#5. Rhetorical criticism focuses on style and on general principles of psychology. (…)

1. Criticism is the analysis and judgment of works of art, the establishment of principles governing literary composition, and the assessment of literary works.

2. Criticism tries to interpret and to evaluate such works and to examine the principles by which they may be understood.

3. Criticism attempts to promote high standards among artists and to encourage the appreciation of art. It also helps society remain aware of the value of both past and present works of art.

4. Criticism can be divided into four basic types. They differ according to which aspect of art the critic chooses to emphasize.

5. Formal criticism examines the forms or structures of works of art. It may also compare a work with others of its genre (kind), such as other tragic plays or other sonnets.

6. Formal criticism is sometimes intrinsic - that is, it may seek to treat each work of art as complete in itself.

7. Expressive criticism regards works as expressing the ideas or feelings of the artist. It examines the artist’s background and conscious or unconscious motives.

8. Mimetic criticism views art as an imitation of the world. It analyses the ways that artists show reality, and their thoughts about it.

9. The four ways of criticism can also be combined. For example, a critic who looks at the form of a work, might also study the way this form affects an audience.

10. Rhetorical criticism analyses the means by which a work of art affects an audience. It focuses on style and on general principles of psychology.

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Which part of the text does each statement refer to?

#1. In some novels the events may be described from the viewpoint of a person #outside of the story. (…)

#2. The novel tells about events in the lives of real or imaginary people. (…)

#3. Writers of realistic novels try to represent life as it is. (…)

#4. Many novels encourage the reader to think about moral, social, or philosophical problems. (…)

#5. Some novels challenge the reader to seek social or political reforms. (…)

1. The novel is an extended, long fictional prose narrative that tells about events

in the lives of real or imaginary people, often including some sense of the psychological development of the central characters and of their relationship with a broader world.

2. It is one of the most popular forms of literature. Most novels reflect the author’s outlook on life.

3. Novels can provide exciting stories and an escape from everyday life. However, they also appeal to people for many other reasons. Many novels encourage the reader to think about moral, social, or philosophical problems.

4. Some novels point out injustices or evils that exist in society and challenge the reader to seek social or political reforms. Novels also may provide knowledge about unfamiliar subjects or give new insight into familiar ones.

5. The subject matter of novels covers the whole range of human experience and imagination. Some novels portray true-to-life characters and events. Writers of such realistic novels try to represent life as it is.

6. One kind of realistic novel, the psychological novel, focuses on the thoughts and feelings of one or more characters in a story. In contrast to realistic novels, romantic novels portray idealized versions of life.

7. Some novels explore purely imaginary worlds. For example, science fiction novels may describe events that take place in the future or on other planets.

8. Other popular kinds of novels include detective novels and mysteries. The plots of such novels, which are full of suspense, fascinate countless readers.

9. The basic features of the novel make it a uniquely flexible form of literature. Novelists can arrange incidents, describe places, and represent characters in an almost limitless variety of ways.

10. They also may narrate their stories from different points of view. In some novels, for example, one of the characters tells the story. In others, the events may be described from the viewpoint of a person outside of the story.

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