19. Tir Convention.

TIR is the abbreviation for the Customs Convention on the national transportation of goods.

The first Convention entered into force in 1960 and was revised in 1975.

The TIR system offers transport operators and Customs authorities a simple cost-effective and safe regime for the international transport of goods across frontiers

The TIR system allows to replace expensive physical inspection in countries of transit for checking seals and the external conditions of the vehicle.

When goods are transported under this transit regime the Customs office of departure checks the good, seals the Vehicle, reports in the TIR Carnet, keeps one sheet and fills in the corresponding voucher.

When crossing the outgoing border of that country, Customs check the seals and detach a second sheet from the Carnet.

The Customs office of departure compares two sheets and if there are no objections the TIR operation is completed for that country.

Goods carried under the TIR procedure are free of Customs duties and taxes of the countries they cross.

Goods carried under the TIR procedure in sealed road vehicles or containers are not as a rule, subject to Customs control on route.

The Customs office of destination retains two sheets and becomes responsible for the goods to be transferred to another Customs scheme.

It contains four main requirements to ensure that goods may travel with a minimum interference in all countries of transit.

The TIR Convention requires that goods must be carried in such f containers or road vehicles that no goods can be removed from or introduced into the sealed part of the vehicle without breaking the Customs seal.

The second principle is the international guarantee system.

The third principle is a TIR Carnet. The goods should be accompanied by an internationally accepted and serving as a control document in the countries of departure, transit and destination.

The last principle is the international recognizing of Customs control measures.

Now the work is being carried out on the establishment of a TIR or a similar system in Latin America and Africa.

The Russian Federation also acceded to the Convention.

20. Speak about history of the us Customs.

In 1770, shortly after the nation’s declaration of independence, the United States was almost bankrupt.

Needed for revenue, the first Congress established a tariff and a system for collecting duties on importation of merchandise from foreign countries.

For nearly 125 years Customs was the only source of income for the government.

The revenues collected by Customs paid for the rapid growth of the nation.

Moreover, by 1835 Customs’ revenue collections had reduced the national dept by zero!

Customs revenues provided the bulk of the federal budget before 1914, prior to the growth of the Internal Revenue Service and personal income tax.

Most of that income comes from collections of duties at cargo stations in over 300 ports of entry all over the country.

Besides its own laws, the Service enforces over 400 laws of more than forty other federal agencies, as well as a wide range of local laws.

Many of these statutes relate to environmental interests and the quality life, other law – safeguard agriculture, business, and public health.