12. Geographical expansion of English in the 17-20 centuries. (Влияние на язык)

В эпоху Реставрации (17-18вв) в а.я.было заимствовано относительно небольшое кол-во фр.слов. Они отличаются тем, что сохранили произношение и ударение, приближенное к фр. Так, гласные и согласные звучат близко к фр.в machine /m’shi:n/, t не произносится в словах в словах ballet /’bælei/, bouquet /’bukei/.

В связи с расширением торговых и культурных связей в 17-19вв в а.я.были заим.слова из ряда языков, например итал, исп, голл.

Итал – в основном, слова, относящиеся к изобразительному искусству, музыке, театру: duet, violin, opera, fresco, а также ряд слов, относящихся к другим областям жизни: spaghetti, balcony, baknrupt.

Исп – armada, canyon, cigar, hurricane, potato, tobacco.

Голл – слова, связанные с мореплаванием и живописью: dock, reef, skiper, yacht; easel, landscape.

В это же время в а.я.появляются слова, отражающие экспансию в Новый Свет – из языков северо-американских индейцев: canoe, wigwam и др.

В дальнейшем круг языков, из которых поступали заимствования в а.я, продолжал расширяться. В этой связи следует назвать русский (samovar, tsar, bolshevik), немецкий (kindergarten, waltz), языки стран Ближнего Востока (coolie), языки Индии (bungalow), Австралии.

В новоангл.языке сложился значительный слой интернациональных слов, т.е.слов, существующих приблизительно в одинаковом виде в целом ряде евр.языков. По значению это, главным образом, названия наук и обозначения общественно-политических понятий. По происхождению эти слова в большинстве случаев представляют собой заимствования из латинского и греческого языков или искусственные образования от греч.корней: а.я.physics, фр.physique, нем.Physik, рус.физика; medicine-medicine-Medizin-медицина; democracy-democratie-Demokratie-демократия; progress-progres-Progress-прогесс.

13. Колония заимствования оказавшее на язык .

14. Middle English vocabulary.

An analysis of the vocabulary in the ME period shows great instability and constant and rapid change. Many words became obsolete, and if preserved, then only in some dialects; many more aooeared in the rapidly developing language to reflect the ever – changing life of the speakers and under the influence of contacts with other nations.

Though the majority of OE suffixes are still preserved in ME. They are becoming less productive, and words formed by means of word – derivation in OE can be treated as such only etymologically.

Words formed by means of word – composition in OE, in ME are often understood as derived words.

The principal mean of enriching vocabulary in ME are not internal, but external – borrowings. Two languages in succession enriched the vocabulary of the English language of the time – the Scandinavian language and the French language, the nature of the borrowings and their amount reflecting the conditions of the contacts between the English and these languages.

15. New English vocabulary. (Словообразование, инверсия,способы)

The language in NE is growing very rapidly , the amount of actually existing words being impossible to estimate. Though some of the words existing in OE and ME are no longer used in NE, the amount of new words exceeds the number of obsolete ones manifold.

Both internal means and external means are used for the purpose of enriching the vocabulary, and the importance of either of them is hard to evaluate.

In addition to the three main sources — Greek, Latin and French, English speakers of the NE period borrowed freely from many other Ls. It has been estimated that even in the 17th c. the English vocabulary contained words derived from no less than fifty foreign tongues. The main contributors to the vocabulary were Italian, Dutch, Spanish, German, Portuguese and Russian. A number of words were adopted from Ls of other countries and continents, which came into con­tact with English: Persian, Chinese, Hungarian, Turkish, Malayan, Polynesian, the native Ls of India and America.

Borrowings from Germanic Ls are of special interest as English is a Germanic L too. The influence of Scandinavian in Early ME has certainly remained unsurpassed and the unique con­ditions of close L contacts were never repeated. By the 15th— 16th c. the Germanic Ls had driven far apart;

Dutch made abundant contribution to English, particularly in the 15th and 16th c, when commercial relations between England and the Netherlands were at their peak. They specialised in wool weaving and brewing, which is reflected in the Dutch loan-words: pack, scour, spool, stripe (terms of weaving); hops, tub, scum. Extensive borrowing is found in nautical terminology: bowline, buoy, cruise, deck, dock, freight, keel, skipper. The flourishing of art in the Netherlands accounts for some Dutch loan-words relating to art: easel, landscape, sketch.

The earliest Russian loan-words entered the English L as far back as the I6th c, when the English trade company (the Moskovy Company) established the first trade relations with Russia. English borrowings adopted from the 16th till the 19th c. indicate ar­ticles of trade and specific features of life in Russia, observed by the English:, beluga, intelligentsia, muzhik, rouble, samovar, troika, tsar, vodka.

The loan-words adopted after 1917 reflect the new social relations and political institutions in the USSR: bolshevik, Komsomol, Soviet. Some of the new words are translation-loans: collective farm, Five-Year-Plan, wall newspaper.