6.4. New social relations and ideologies of industrial revolution

Industrial revolutions created new social hierarchy. There was an origin of mass working class (proletariat on Marx) and development of bourgeoisie, which value began dominating in a society very quickly.

The bourgeoisie, nevertheless, was not homogeneous, it was subdivided into the following groups:

• Petty bourgeoisie which fits with middle class (petty businessmen, people of liberal professions, intellectual professions);

• Medium bourgeoisie, which unites the investor, directors of the small and average enterprises;

• Upper bourgeoisie (family clans, such as Rockefellers and Carnegie in the USA, Schneiders in France, Anelly in Italy).

Domination of bourgeoisie occured in all spheres of society’s life:

• Monopoly of economic authority (possession means of production);

• Monopoly of political authority (lobbying of interests in the governmental circles);

• Authority in cultural sphere (access to higher education).

Breaking-off between social conditions of bourgeoisie’s life and working class amplified. Position of working class remained difficult enough, despite of obvious progress in the social legislation. For this period were characteristic:

• Low salaries which grew nevertheless in time (Ford’s theory, in particular, assumed, that the working class is the consumer of production, that means, good compensation of its work will lead to the growth of manufacture),

• The complex operating schedule (the legislation in social sphere developed gradually: if in 1847 the law of the 10-hour working day was passed in England, but at the end of XIX century the 8-hour working day was established, and in 30th years of XX century the paid holiday was given),

• Dangerous working conditions (only in 1908-1910 the social insurance had been entered in England, unemployment benefits and small pensions appeared, but social protection remained inefficient frequently).

During the period under review the activity of syndicates progressed. The strikes of 1906 with requirements of introduction of the 8-hour working day can exemplify. Syndicalism based on new ideologies of the end of XIX century which in many respects were based on social aspects.

Among the ideologies prevailing on a boundary of centuries, it is necessary to allocate liberalism, marxism, anarchism and social Catholicism (tab. 6.5)

Table 6.5

Ideologies of industrial revolutions

Ideology and its founder	Explanations
Liberal capitalism A.Smith (England)	The moving force of economy is the individual initiative (only following to own interests forces an individual to work and save up means). Principles of liberalism: free business, a free competition and a free exchange.
Marxism K.Marx (Germany)	Marxism denies principles of liberal economy. The capitalist system results to that the small amount of individuals accumulates the riches whereas a large amount of proletariat lives in poverty. Struggle between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat should end necessarily with a victory of proletariat since it is more numerous. Having realized its own powerful, it will carry out revolution, will establish the dictatorship. After the end of a transitive phase of marxist revolution when the state possesses all means of production and operates economy by means of the established plan, the society will come to a classless society (communistic).
Anarchism P.Prudon (France), M.A.Bakunin (Russia).	Anarchism contradicts capitalism and the state as a whole. As the state is an original cause of all public injustices, oppresses broad masses, it is necessary to overthrow it in any ways (general strikes), even violent (terrorism) for creation of a new society. Anarchists reject any authority (not only state one), deny public discipline, necessity of submission of minority to the majority, oppose political strike of working class.
Social Catholicism A.Kolping, V.E. Background Ketteler (Germany)	The ideology does not call in question liberal capitalism, but tries to correct the most negative effects of such policy in the social plan. Social Catholicism according to Christian morals calls businessmen to paternalism with respect to workers (construction of good habitation, schools, hospitals), i.e. businessmen.

The industrial revolutions of XVIII-XIX centuries considerably changed the world. They had led to industrialization of the modern industrially advanced countries of Europe, Northern America, Japan. They transformed not only economy, but also a society, and social attitudes in the world.