- •Theme 6. The Industrial revolutions in XVIII-XIX centuries.
- •6.1. The first industrial revolution
- •The Chronology of industrial inventions
- •The Industrial revolution spread worldwide gradually, but in different rates (tab. 6.2).
- •6.2. The second industrial revolution
- •6.3. The enterprises and their financing on boundary of XIX-XX centuries.
- •6.4. Colonial expansion of the European industrial capital in the XIX century.
- •6.4. New social relations and ideologies of industrial revolution
- •Ideologies of industrial revolutions
Theme 6. The Industrial revolutions in XVIII-XIX centuries.
The plan of the lecture:
6.1. The first industrial revolution.
6.2. The second industrial revolution.
6.3. The enterprises and their financing on boundary of XIX-XX centuries.
6.4. Colonial expansion of the European industrial capital in the XIX century.
6.5. New social attitudes and ideologies of industrial revolutions.
6.1. The first industrial revolution
Since XIV century, the attempts of machines’ introduction were made in different countries, however, usually they encountered on the resistance of the shops, which were not desiring a strengthening of the competition. In the XVIII century in England the production of cotton fabrics began to develop and in this branch and in this country the industrial revolution started.
The first industrial revolution covers the period from 1780 till 1850. The term «industrial revolution» means not one any invention, but the set of the various modernization processes, which had increased labour productivity more than in 30 times, that promoted the formation of an industrial society.
Let's look after the chronology of events and their consequences (tab. 6.1).
Table 6.1
The Chronology of industrial inventions
Year |
Technical Innovations |
The inventor (country) |
Consequences |
1733 |
«The Flying Shuttle » |
John Kej (England) |
The weaver’s productivity increased twice Lack of a yarn, the attempts of creation of spinning machines |
1765 |
Janny’s mechanical distaff
|
Jams Hargrivs (England) |
Spinner’s productivity increased in 20 times, The weaving began to lag behind |
1784 |
A loom |
Edmund Kartrayt (England) |
Productivity has increased in 40 times |
1771 |
Spinning machines are actuated by a water wheel |
Richard Artkrayt (England) |
In 20 years in England was already 150 factories, equipped by this Technology |
1784 |
A steam machine |
James Uatt (England) |
Factories could be built Not only at water An occurrence of machines has caused the growth of need for metal |
1785 |
Cast-iron’s Manufacture on a Coal |
Henry Cort (England) |
The coal production is one of the basic industries |
1807 |
The first steamship
|
Robert Fulton (USA) |
An occurrence of steamships has much more reduced the price of sea transportations |
1814 |
A Steam locomotive (8 cars with a speed of 10 km/h) |
George Stefenson (England) |
Reduction in price and acceleration of transportations |
1825 |
The first railway Manchester - Liverpool |
|
Inclusion of extensive continental areas in a world trade |