1. Associated/fixed/conventional epithets: true love, Merry Christmas, fair lady

2.Unassociated/figurative:

a ghost-like face, a sad old bathrobe (J.Salinger)

Structurally:

1.simple: an angry sky; compound: a heart-burning desire; two-step structures: a pompously majestic female.

2.phrasal /clausal: a don’t-care attitude, head-to-toe beauty, go-to-devil request, I-don’t-care-about-it feeling

3.Inverted/reversed/metaphorical: a ghost of a smile appeared on Soames’s face. (j. Galsworthy)

6. Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.

• Metonymical group: the transfer of the meaning on the basis of contiguity/nearness of two objects, on the real association of the object of nomination with the object whose name is transferred

• Metonymy can be lexical or contextual transfer of meaning

• Synechdoche - naming the whole object by mentioning part of it: the school (pupils) went to the zoo.

• Periphrasis – the replacement of a direct name of a thing or phenomenon by the description of some quality of this thing or phenomenon: oil=black gold, Kyiv – the city of chestnuts.

• Euphemism - a replacement of and unpleasantly sounding word or phrase

• Types of euphemism

• 1. religious

• God – Lord, Goodness, Heaven, Almighty

• Devil - the dickens, the deuce, Old Nick, Gentleman

• 2. moral

• to die = to join the majority, to pass away, to breathe one's last, to go West

• dead = late, deceased, departed

• We were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Ch. Dickens)

• 3.medical

• mental hospital = lunatic asylum, mentally challenged = idiot

• 4. political

• relocation centres - concentration camps

• incursion- invasion

• anti-personnel weapons - bombs

• conflict - war

• Metonymy

• 1. contiguity

• 2. widening of lexical meaning (The hall applauded)

• 3. one object doesn’t exclude the other

• (the blue nose)

• As a rule, metonymy is expressed by nouns (less frequently – by substantivized numerals) and is used in syntactical functions characteristic of nouns ( subject, object, predicative ).

• 4. the function of identification/nomination (the theme)

• The bottle-neck coloured.

• Metaphor

• 1. likeness/similarity

• 2. narrowing of lexical meaning. (He is a bear)

• 3. one image excludes the other (the sky lamp of the night = the moon)

• 4. the predicative function (the rheme):

• She was a fox. But this fox was especially cunning.

Metaphor can be expressed by all notional parts of speech . Metaphor functions in the sentence as any of its members .