Theory and Practice of Translation Seminar 6. Basic translation devices

1. What are the basic translation devices?

2. What is partitioning and integration? Define them and give exam­ples. Describe transposition as a variety of inner partitioning

3. What is replacement? Define it. What are the basic types of replace­ments in practical translation? Give examples.

4. What is addition? Give definition and examples.

5. What is omission? Give examples of Ukrainian-English translation.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Compare the English text and its translation into Ukrainian. Comment on translation devices used.

WHY THE BEST? The New York Times Magazine, June 1, 1999 By FRANK RICH

There may be less agree­ment than ever about what it is. But the concept has become an essential tool. The Best has be­come a search engine.

Some nine decades later, the historian Peter N. Stearns disinterred the old Times essay and, while finding it not with­out insight, noted the con­spicuous omission of «an amazing number of develop­ments that we now consider to have been crucial in the 19th century.» Among the missing were the abolition of slavery, the artistic revolution of Impressionism and virtually the entirety of Asia.

Now The Times is upping the ante exponentially and ransacking an entire millennium in search of the Best. Not the 10 best, or the 100 best, but the Best. If you detect a distinctly 20th-century absurdist grace note in this endeavor, it's intentional. In 1999, the very term «the Best» amounts to fighting words-or, to put it more constructively, a provocation to debate.

ЧОМУ НАЙКРАЩЕ? «Нью-Йорк Таймс Мегезин», 1 червня 1999 p. Автор: Френк Річ

Може, зараз існує більше роз­біжностей щодо тлумачення слова «найкращий», ніж їх було коли-небудь до цього, але концепція «найкращого» стала суттєвим засо­бом своєрідної селекції.

Історик Пітер Стернз розко­пав у старих номерах «Тайме» есе, яке побачило світ приблизно де­в'яносто років тому і, зауважив, що йому не бракує глибини. Він звернув увагу на відсутність у есе згадки про «дивовижну кількість подій і фактів, які ми зараз вважа­ємо важливими для XIX століття». Пройшли непоміченими: пова­лення рабства, мистецька револю­ція імпресіоністів і майже все, що стосується Азії. А сьогодні «Таймс» розкопує завали на горищі історії і перетрушує минуле тисячоліття у пошуках Найкращого. Ні, не десятка кращих і не сотні найліпших, а саме Найкращого.

Якщо хтось помітить у цих пошуках абсурдистську нотку, типову для XX сторіччя, то це так і було заплановано. У 1999 році сам цей вираз «найкращий» визначає словесну бійку або, якщо висловитись більш конструктивно, провокує дебати.

Ex. 2. Translate into Ukrainian, using the suggested, and, if needed, other devices:

a) partitioning:

Similar artifacts have been found at sites throughout North and South America, indicating that life was probably well established in much of the Western Hemisphere by some time prior to 10,000 B.C. One result of these restrictions was to reduce the appeal of nativists organizations (Nativist organizations - організації «американців за походженням».)

d) replacement:

1. Everyone was talking but stopped the moment she entered the room. 2. The establishment of the United Nations Office in November 1992 followed the signing in New York a host agreement between Ukraine's Foreign Minister and the United Nations Secretary-General. 3. I hear that you have been promoted. Congratulations! 4.Please be quiet. You re continually interrupting! 5.Pay no attention to him. He is just being naughty. 6.When he was rich, he used to stay in this hotel. 7. Scien­tists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. No sooner did the President start his speech than he was interrupted. S.Principal hereby appoints Agent as its non-exclusive service provider. 9.This Agreement may not be amended or supplemented except by written agreement signed by both parties hereto. 10. The terms used hereunder shall have the following meaning. 11. Each Party may, within 20 days after receiving the minutes, suggest amendments thereto.

e) addition:

Publications on Foreign Policy; the United Nations; Ministry of Health

f) omission:

a) The Court of Justice; null and void; rejected and omitted; as far back as; as early as; he is head and shoulders above his comrades; prim and proper; power to execute and perform the duties and responsibili­ties; continue in full force and effect; foreign policy problem; electoral base; political scientist;

b) Статут Організації Об'єднаних Націй; Члени Організації Об'єднаних Націй; юристи з визнаним авторитетом у галузі міжнародного права; постійна Палата Третейського Суду; взяти на себе обов'язки; подати заяву про відставку; у порядку спрощеного судочинства; у випадку рівності голосів суддів голос старшого за віком дає перевагу; термін повноважень п'яти суддів закінчується через три роки.

g) antonymous translation:

Valid with diploma only. Keep off the grass. Take it easy. Take it or leave it. She was not like a bird. Staff only. It won't be long before the help arrives. It wasn't until 1983 that Connor could afford a holiday abroad. It would take these first North Americans thousands of years more to work their way through the openings in great glaciers south to what is now the United States. The armed forces shall not be used save in the common interests.

Ex. 3. Translate into Ukrainian, making necessary transformations.

Primaries; academia; turnout (at the polls); caucus; Ministry of Health; the Exchequer; to investigate; to accommodate; airborne; breeze; refinery; publicist; body of independent judges.

Ex. 4. Translate into Ukrainian. Comment on translation devices used.

DICK WHITTINGTON AND HIS CAT

Tales of cats that bring good fortune to their owners can be found in cultures throughout the world. One of the most famous is the English legend of Dick Whittington, a poor orphan in the late 1300s, whose only possession was a cat. Dick worked in a rich traders house, but was ill-treated and ran away. A peal of bells tells him to return and he does so to find that his cat has been sold for a great fortune to a Moorish ruler who is plagued by rats.

The story of Dick Whittington and his cat is a familiar one to most schoolchildren. A poor orphan comes to London and finds work in the kitchens of a rich merchant-trader called Fitzwarren. One day Dick earns a penny by shining a rich man's shoes and buys a cat to keep the vermin in his room at bay. Fitzwarren allows his employees to put one item on his ship that could be traded abroad. The employee will then get all the profits. Dick had nothing except his cat, and so he reluctantly gives up his pet.

STORM AT SEA

One day, Fitzwarren's ship encounters a fierce storm and is blown into uncharted territory on the African Barbary coast. The Moorish king, dining with the captain, tells him that he will pay a fortune if anyone can rid him of a plague of rats. The captain, who has seen how Dick's cat has rid the ship of vermin, gives the cat to the king. The cat immediately sets about its work and then goes to sit on the queen's lap, purring. The king is so happy that he gives the captain gold and jewels worth ten times the value of the entire ship's cargo. Dick becomes a rich man.