Judicial branch

The Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The Constitutional Court has been formed on October 18, 1996,[3] following the adoption of a new Constitution. Initially the judges were appointed for 9 years, and by 2005 the term has been expired for the majority of judges, which resulted in the court being de facto not functioning. Following the Constitutional reform, the new judges, which took oath in the parliament on August 4, 2006 were appointed for 9-year term.

• General jurisdiction

The Supreme Court of Ukraine;

High specialized courts: the High Arbitration Court of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Вищий господарський суд України), the High Administrative Court of Ukraine;

Regional courts of appeal, military courts of appeal, specialized courts of appeal;

Local district courts, military garrison courts.

The Constitution of Ukraine provides for trials by jury. This has not yet been implemented in practice. Moreover, some courts provided for by legislation as still in project, as is the case for, e.g., the Court of Appeals of Ukraine. The reform of the judicial branch is presently under way.

18. Nato’s civil & military structures & its principal committees

Civilian structure

NATO has an extensive civilian structure, including:

Public Diplomacy Division

NATO Office of Security (NOS)

Executive Management

Division of Political Affairs and Security Policy

Division of Operations

Division of Defence Policy and Planning

Division of Defence Investment

NATO Office of Resources (NOR)

NATO Headquarters Consultation, Command and Control Staff (NHQC3S)

Office of the Financial Controller (FinCon)

Office of the Chairman of the Senior Resource Board (SRB)

Office of the Chairman of the Civil and Military Budget Committees (CBC/MBC))

International Board of Auditors for NATO (IBAN)

NATO Production and Logistics Organizations (NPLO)

Chapter 10: Civilian Organisation and Structures

NATO Headquarters Permanent Representatives and National Delegations The Secretary General The International Staff The Private Office The Office of the Secretary General The Executive Secretariat The Office of Information and Press The NATO Office of Security The Division of Political Affairs The Division of Defence Planning and Operations The Division of Defence Support NATO Headquarters, Consultation, Command and Control Staff (NHQC3S) The Division of Security Investment, Logistics and Civil Emergency Planning The Division of Scientific and Environmental Affairs Office of Management Office of the Financial Controller Office of the Chairman of the Senior Resource Board Office of the Chairman of the Budget Committees International Board of Auditors NATO Production and Logistics Organisations

Chapter 11: Military Organisation and Structures

The Military Committee

• The Chairman of the Military Committee

Strategic Commanders International Military Staff Partner Country Representation

Military structures

The second pivotal member of each country's delegation is the Military Representative, a senior officer from each country's armed forces, supported by the International Military Staff. Together the Military Representatives form the Military Committee (MC), a body responsible for recommending to NATO’s political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area. Its principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy. It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders, whose representatives attend its meetings, and is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the Council. The current Chairman of the NATO Military Committee is Giampaolo Di Paola of Italy (since 2008).

Like the Council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence, the most senior military officer in each nation's armed forces. Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France, due to that country's 1966 decision to remove itself from NATO's integrated military structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee, and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members. Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom.[64] The operational work of the Committee is supported by the International Military Staff.

NATO's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, and split into two Strategic Commands both commanded by a senior US officer assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command.

The Military Committee in turn directs two principal NATO organizations: the Allied Command Operations (ACO) responsible for the strategic, operational and tactical management of combat and combat support forces of the NATO members, and the Allied Command Transformation (ACT) organization responsible for the induction of the new member states' forces into NATO, and NATO forces' research and training capability.[65]

Allied Command Operations (ACO)

Before 2003 the Strategic Commanders were the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) but the current arrangement is to separate command responsibility between Allied Command Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces, and Allied Command Operations (ACO), responsible for NATO operations world wide.

The commander of Allied Command Operations retained the title "Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)", and is based in the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons. This is about 80 km (50 miles) south of NATO’s political headquarters in Brussels. ACO is headed by SACEUR, a US four-star general or admiral with the dual-hatted role of heading US European Command, which is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. SHAPE was in Rocquencourt, west of Paris, until 1966, when French president Charles de Gaulle withdrew French forces from the Atlantic Alliance. NATO's headquarters were then forced to move to Belgium, while many military units had to move.

ACO includes Joint Force Command Brunssum in the Netherlands, Joint Force Command Naples in Italy, and Joint Command Lisbon in Portugal, all multi-national headquarters with many nations represented. JFC Brunssum has its land component, Allied Land Component Command Headquarters Heidelberg at Heidelberg, Germany, its air component at Ramstein in Germany, and its naval component at the Northwood Headquarters in the northwest suburbs of London. JFC Naples has its land component in Madrid, air component at İzmir, Turkey, and naval component in Naples, Italy. It also directs KFOR in Kosovo. JC Lisbon is a smaller HQ with no subordinate commands. Lajes Field, in the Portuguese Azores, is an important transatlantic staging post. A number of NATO Force Structure formations, such as the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps are answerable ultimately to SACEUR either directly or through the component commands. Directly responsible to SACEUR is the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen in Germany where a jointly funded fleet of E-3 Sentry AWACS airborne radar aircraft is located. The C-17s of the NATO Strategic Airlift Capability, which became fully operational in July 2009, is based at Pápa airfield in Hungary.

Allied Command Transformation (ACT)

Allied Command Transformation (ACT) is based in the former Allied Command Atlantic headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Allied Command Atlantic, usually known as Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), after its commander, became ACT in 2003. It is headed by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), a US four-star general or admiral with the dual-hatted role as commander US Joint Forces Command (COMUSJFCOM). There is also an ACT command element located at SHAPE in Mons, Belgium.

Subordinate ACT organizations include the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) located in Stavanger, Norway (in the same site as the Norwegian NJHQ); the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) in Bydgoszcz, Poland; the Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre (JALLC) in Monsanto, Portugal; and the NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC),[66] La Spezia, Italy. NURC was the former SACLANT ASW Research Centre.

Organizations and Agencies

The NATO website lists forty-three different agencies and organizations and five project committees/offices as of 15 May 2008.[68] They include:

Logistics committees, organisations and agencies, including:

NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency

Central Europe Pipeline System

NATO Pipeline System

Production Logistics organisations, agencies and offices including the NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency

Standardisation organisation, committee, office and agency including the NATO Standardization Agency which also plays an important role in the global arena of standards determination.

Civil Emergency Planning committees and centre

Air Traffic Management and Air Defence committees, working groups organisation and centre including the:

NATO ACCS Management Agency (NACMA), based in Brussels, manages around a hundred persons in charge of the Air Control and Command System (ACCS) due for 2009.

NATO Programming Centre

The NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Programme Management Organisation (NAPMO)

NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organisation (NC3O)

NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A),[69] reporting to the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organization (NC3O). This agency was formed when the SHAPE Technical Centre (STC) in The Hague (Netherlands) merged in 1996 with the NATO Communications and Information Systems Operating and Support Agency (NACISA) based in Brussels (Belgium). The agency comprises around 650 staff, of which around 400 are located in The Hague and 250 in Brussels.

NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency (NCSA), based in Mons (BEL), was established in August 2004 from the former NATO Communications and Information Systems Operating and Support Agency (NACISA).[70]

NATO Headquarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S), which supports the North Atlantic Council, Military Committee, International Staff, and the International Military Staff.

NATO Electronic Warfare Advisory Committee (NEWAC)