3. Части сказуемого (после глагола –to be)

E.g. Installation is working now very well.

Participle II

Причастие II образуется путем прибавления окончания –ed к основе правильного глагола, или в соответствии с таблицей неправильных глаголов.

to add – added

to sell – sold

Причастие II употребляется в функции:

1. Определения (Причастие II в функции определения отвечает на вопросы какой? какая? какие?)

E.g. The composition written by student.

2. Обстоятельства причины и времени

E.g. Given the task he began to work.

3. Части сказуемого (после глагола to have) для образования времен группы Perfect

E.g. How much have you done on the problem?

9. Read and translate phrases containing Participle - I and Participle – II:

• developing regions

• better developed regions

• the growing need for fresh water

• crops grown without irrigation

• irrigated crop farming

• uniformly distributed water resources

• industrial wastes polluting the rivers

• the lake polluted by toxic chemicals

• the water utilized for different purposes

• chemicals washed out of the soil

• the river flowing into Arctic Sea

• the lake protected against pollution

• water needed for drinking

• rivers becoming shallow

10. Find in the text sentences containing Participle – I and Participle II and translate them:

11. Read and translate Text B:

1. Suggest a suitable title for the passage

2. Express the main idea of the passage in English

Text B

Everybody is talking about pollution. Pollution is what happens when the thing we eat, the place we live in and the air around us are made dirty and unhealthy by machines and factories. Rivers, canals and even oceans are being poisoned and polluted by the machines and factories in many modern cities. The members of the British Inland Waterways Protection Society are not only talking about pollution, they are doing something about it. The organization was formed to clean up British canals and rivers. For a 150 years Buxworth Basin, which is at the head of the Peak Forest Canal, was an important canal port. But as methods of transport improved, canals were used less. Soon Buxworth Basin was forgotten and for many trees and shrubs had covered the area. The Inland Waterways Protection Society decided to clean it up. Volunteers worked in their spare time to make it navigable again. Now, after 50 years, boats can use the Basin once again.

12. Speak about Baikal’s Pure Water.

UNIT 5

WATER IS LIFE

1. Learn new words:

air - воздух

available – доступный

cloud – облако, туча cloudy - облачно

cool – охлаждать(ся)

complete – завершать

distribute – распределять

due to – вследствие, благодаря

drop – 1. капля 2. падение

disappear – исчезать

earth – земля

efficient – эффективный

estimate – подсчитывать, оценивать

freeze – замерзать, замораживать

fog – туман foggy - туманный

hail - град

ice – лед icy - ледяной

moist – сырой

particle – частица

pollute – загрязнять

precipitate – выпадать ( об осадках )

precipitation – выпадение осадков

rapid – быстрый

rate - скорость

at the rate – со скоростью

salt – соль

surface- поверхность

store – запасать, накапливать

source – источник

various- различный, разный

vapour – пар

waste – 1. бесполезная трата 2. отбросы, отходы

2. Read and translate text A:

Text A

Water is Life

Water is the natural recourse we all know very well. We know many forms – rain, snow, ice, hail, vapour, fog. Yet, water is the natural recourse we least about.

How does the water get into the clouds? What happens when it reaches the Earth? Why is there sometimes too much and other times too little of it? And, most important, is there enough water for all plants, and all the animals, and all the people?

Water covers nearly three fourths of the Earth, most being sea water. But sea water contains various salts, including those that are harmful to most land plants and animals. Still, it is from the salty seas and oceans that most of our fresh water comes – no longer salty and harmful. Water moves from clouds to land and back to the ocean in a never – ending cycle.

Oceans water evaporates into atmosphere leaving salt behind, and moves across the Earth as water vapour. Water in lakes and rivers also evaporates and rises into the air. Having cooled in the air the water vapour condenses and falls to the Earth as a rain, hail or snow, depending on regions, climate, season and topography. This part of the cycle is very important because man can use water stored in the atmosphere only when it falls to the land.

Every year about 450.000 cubic kilometers of water evaporates from the oceans and about 61.000 cubic kilometers from land sources.

Water is unchanging and ever renewing resource but its distribution on the surface of the globe varies greatly – there is either too little or too much water. Many problems are caused by too much water when we do not want¹ it or too little when we do want it.²

No natural resource on our planet has so many uses as water. We need water to support our lives, to grow our crops, to water our stock, to power our industries and for many other purposes.

Our water needs are great and they continue to grow. Agriculture requires great quantities of water to provide food and raw materials of industry. Industry consumes not only less water than agriculture. Per capita use of water is increasing rapidly in the world.

There is plenty of³ water on the Earth. But the amount of fresh water available to man is very small.

In our society measures are taken against waste of water and pollution of water. We have to use water more efficiently in industry, towns and cities, in agriculture and irrigation. All life depends on water.

NOTES

¹ to want – нуждаться

² when we do want it (water) – когда мы (действительно) нуждаемся в воде

³ plenty of - много

3. Answer the questions:

1. What is water?

2. What part of the Earth covers the water?

3. What does sea water contain?

4. How many uses have the water?

5. What part of cycle is very important for men?

6. What does never-ending cycle mean?

4. Arrange these antonyms in pairs and translate them:

to fall, to appear, to consume, to increase, cold, to heart, to evaporate, moist, near, fresh, dry, cold, to give, far, always, hot, to take, to condense, easy, heart, to decrease, to produce, difficult, never, to live, harmful, efficient, to die, useful, inefficient, to cool, salt, to rise, to disappear

5. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:

distribution, resource, source, quality, to store, to waste, efficiently

1. Next to the air, water is the most important … .

2. Precipitation in the form of rain and snow is the … of our fresh water supply.

3. We cannot change the total amount of the water but the use can change it … .

4. We can … water by means of dams and reservoirs.

5. If our economy is to develop we must not … water, we have to use it … .

6. The Russia is now solving the problem of … its water resources.

6. Match column A to column B:

A	B
1. The sun heating the surface of the oceans,	a) we must use fresh water efficiently.
2. The water vapour being cooled,	b) man can neither increase nor decrease.
3.The total amount of water on our planet being constant,	c) the water vapour rises into the air.
4. The amount of fresh water being small,	d) some places get too much water or too little
5. The distribution of water on our planet varying greatly,	e) precipitation take place.

7. Complete these sentences with the words from the list to make definition:

air, Earth, water, sea, nature, plant, vegetable, moisture, soil, ground, land

1. Salt water which covers most of the Earth’s surface.

2. The planet on which we live.

3. The system of things of which we ourselves are a part.

4. The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth.

5. The common liquid which fills the rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.

6. Water vapour either in the air or condensed on a surface.

7. Any form of vegetable life.

8. The earth in which thing grow.

9. The surface of the Earth.

10. The solid part of the Earth’s surface contrasted with water and sea.

Grammar

Modal Verbs

Особенности:

1. Не изменяются по лицам и числам.

2. Служат для образования вопросительных и отрицательных форм

3. Не используются с частицей –to кроме (ought to)

Can (could) – мочь, уметь

- предполагает наличие физической, умственной и прочих способностей, позволяющих сделать что–либо.

E.g. I can speak English.

- выражает возможность, зависящую от обстоятельств, разрешение, просьбу

E.g. Can (could) you help me, please.

To be able to - заменитель can в будущем

E.g. Every student will be able to use this new program.

May (might) – иметь возможность, получить разрешение

E.g. May I help you?

to be permitted to/ to be allowed to – заменитель may в будущем

E.g. He will be allowed to work with a new program.

Must – должен, обязан

- приказ, запрет

E.g. You must write it down now.

- сильная уверенность

E.g. It must be Jack.

to have to - заменитель must в прошедшем и будущем времени

E.g. He will have to go there.

- может выражать вынужденную необходимость

E.g. He has to stay at home.

to be to - заменитель must

- необходимость, обусловленная договоренностью, расписанием, планом

E.g. The train is to arrive at 8.

Should, Ought – совет, рекомендация, упрек, порицание

E.g. You should not do it.

Need – нужно, надо

- отсутствие необходимости

E.g. You need not do it.

8. Read and translate following sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the Modal Verbs:

1. Land, like other natural resources, must be exploited and protected as a basis for life and activity of people living on the territories of this or that country.

2. In fact, there are comparatively few regions where irrigation would not be profitable if it could be cheaply.

3. Improper irrigation may waste large amount of water and reduce crop yields.

4. Fortunately, man can increase the area for cultivation by artificially applying water to soil where nature fails to do this.

5. Factories must not discharge their smoke into atmosphere and make it dirty.

6. Excess of water can be drained from the land either by surface or undersurface drainage, both methods having their advantages and disadvantages.

9. Fill in the blanks with the proper Modal Verbs and translate them:

1. Irrigators … know very well water requirements of the crops, principles of operation of irrigation equipment, types of drainage and methods of irrigation.

2. A great increase in the harvest … be obtained by reconstructing the existing irrigation systems.

3. Water … remains pure, suitable for drinking and satisfying men’s communal needs.

4. To get a crop land … be watered.

5. “A plant … be watered from above not below”, it is a conclusion specialists arrived at when they studied a water consumption mechanism in the vegetable kingdom.

6. Scientists and agricultural specialists … analyze all results of drainage and answer a lot of questions.

7. The chemical composition of the soil … be changed by applying fertilizers.

8. Only water … bring life to the desert.

10. Read text B:

1. Suggest a suitable title for the text

2. Express the main idea of the passage in English

Text B

The globe is surrounded by an ocean of the air called the atmosphere. One of the most important functions of the atmosphere is carrying from the sea to earth vapour of water. This vapour is known to make the clouds supplying the earth with moisture and feeding its lakes and rivers.

Water sprinkled on the pavement on a hot summer day soon disappears, being changed into invisible vapour. The hotter air, the more vapour it can take up and hold.

The same process is constantly going on in nature on a large scale.¹It takes place most extensively on the surface of the ocean in tropical regions where the sun’s heat is greatest. Being lighter than air, vapour rises up and forms clouds. It has estimated that the ocean gives back its moisture to the atmosphere at the rate of a billion tons of water per day.²

This change of water into vapour is called evaporation. The process by which vapour is again changed into water is called condensation. Evaporation takes place due to heat while condensation is caused by cold.

Having been cooled, the fine particles run together and form drops which fall to the earth by their own weights.³This is rain. When falling rain drops are frozen are frozen in the air and form hail. When the fine particles are frozen not taking the form of drops they fall to the earth as snow.

Such are various forms in which the earth gets its moisture from the air. This moisture saturates the soil forming springs and marshes. Marshes and springs feed rivers. Rivers carry the moisture to the sea from where it came and thus the system of water circulation is completed.

NOTES

¹ on a large scale – в большом масштабе

² per day – в день

³ by their own weight - под действием силы тяжести

11. Retell the text “Water is Life”.

UNIT 6

CANALS

1. Learn new words:

barge – баржа, барка

century – век

capacity – мощность, емкость

dam – дамба, плотина

to deepen – углублять (ся)

efficient – эффективный, продуктивный

a great deal – много

high water – паводок

high-water mark – 1. уровень полной воды 2. высшая точка

in order to – для того чтобы

island – остров

mile – миля

negligible – незначительный

to operate – работать, действовать

owing to – благодаря, из-за, вследствие

protection – защита, ограждение

to promote – способствовать, содействовать

to prove – доказывать. оказываться

to replace – заменять, вытеснять

raw - сырой, необработанный

reliable – надежный

slowly – медленно

such as – такой как, как например

timber – строительный лес, древесина

widen – расширять(ся)

vessel - судно

2. Read and translate text A:

Text A