4. Should do, should have done, ought to do, ought to have done

1. Модальный глагол should может выражать долженствование, совет или реко­мендацию.

Should употребляется в утвердительных, вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.

• Если действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени, то употребля­ется форма should do.

  You should speak with him.	Тебе следует с ним поговорить.
  Should I speak with him?	Мне надо с ним поговорить? (Я должен? Мне следует ?)
  You should't go there alone.	Тебе не следует идти туда одному.

• Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется форма should have done.

В утвердительных предложениях эта форма означает, что действие не произош­ло, хотя было желательно.

You should have told me about it. (Why didn't you?)

Тебе следовало рассказать мне об этом. (Ты должен был. Надо было.)

• В отрицательных предложениях эта форма означает, что действие произошло, хотя было нежелательно.

  You shouldn't have told him about it.	He надо было ему об этом говорить. (Не следовало. Ты не должен был.)
  You shouldn't have run so much. He надо было так много бегать. (упрек)	You needn't have run. You've still got plenty of time. He надо было бежать. У тебя еще полно времени.

• В вопросительных предложениях эта форма показывает, что говорящий не уве­рен, правильно ли он поступил.

Should I have told him about it?

Мне надо было ему об этом рассказать?

2. Модальный глагол ought to соответствует в русском языке глаголам (следует, следовало бы, должен, должен бы) и употребляется в форме Indefinite Infinitive для выражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему времени.

He ought to help his friend.	Ему следует помочь своему другу. Он должен (бы) помочь своему другу.
You ought to be more careful.	Вам следует быть осторожнее. Вы должны (бы) быть осторожнее.

• Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется форма ought to have done для выражения того, что лицо, о котором идет речь, не выполнило своего долга или поступило, по мнению говорящего, неправильно, т.е. для выражения порицания или упрека.

You ought to have done it yesterday.	Вам следовало (бы) сделать это вчера. Вы должны (бы) сделать это вчера
You ought not to have sent that telegram.	Вам не следовало (бы) посылать эту телеграмму. Вы не должны (бы) посылать эту телеграмму.

ФОРМЫ

положительная	отрицательная
ought to should	oughtn't to/ought not to shouldn't/should not
Should - cледовало бы You should work more seriously. Вам следовало бы работать серьезнее.

Сравните:
You should do it.	Вам следовало бы сделать это (теперь)
You should have done it.	Вам следовало бы сделать это (раньше)
You should not do it. You should not have done it.	Вам не следовало бы делать этого (теперь) Вам не следовало бы делать этого (раньше)
Обратите внимание:
You should have done it.	следовало сделать (а вы не сделали)
You should not have done it.	не следовало делать (а вы сделали)

4.1 Make up as many sentences as possible using should, ought to and translate the sentences into Russian.

You	should ought to	work systematically. be more careful. be working now and not talking with your friend. have known the whole story. have been working all this time instead of listening in.
Your work	should ought to	be done in time. be done systematically. have been done long ago.
You	shouldn't oughtn't to	go there. be talking so loud here. have gone there. have been sitting here all this time.
Your work	shouldn't oughtn't to	be stopped, be interrupted. have been stopped at the very beginning.

4.2 Give a piece of advice according to the model using should.

e.g. Her diction is not very good. (to read aloud). => She should read aloud.

1. The boy is a little pale. (to play out-of-doors) 2. I am afraid you will miss that train. (to take a taxi). 3. There is no one in. (to try the room next door) 4. I have a slight irritation (раздражение) in my throat. (to smoke). 5. This child doesn't want to eat soup. (not to give her sweets before dinner) 6. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes. (to copy passages out of a book) 7. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at the dog) 8. The students are unable to follow what I am saying. (not to speak fast).

4.3 Complete the sentences using should, should't and the verbs from the table.

e.g. You see, Jack is busy. => You shouldn't disturb him.

1. The old man is afraid to cross the street. You………him. 2. You don't know the rules well. You…………everything. 3. He is a liar. You……………………….him 4. His lectures are interesting. You…………………..them. 5. The house looks ugly. You …………………it. 6. Nobody wants you here. You …………………here. 7. The girl is too young. She ………………...make-up. 8. He has apologized. You ……………….him.

revise forgive disturb help miss return paint use believe

4.4 You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn't.

e.g. Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. Advise him to stop smoking. =>You should stop smoking.

1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise him to go to the dentist. You …………………………. . 2. Your friend rides his bicycle at night without lights. You think this is dangerous. Advise him not to do it………………...…….. .

3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise him to learn a few words of Greek before he goes ……………………...

4.5 This time you give your opinion about something. Use I think / I don't think ...

e.g. Tom has just been offered a job. You think it would be a good idea for him to accept it. => I think Tom should accept the job.

1. You think it would be a good idea for all motorists to wear seat-belts. I think…………………… 2. You don't think it would be a good idea for Jill and Sam to get married. I ………………………… 3. Your friend has a bad cold. Tell him that you think it would be a good idea for him to stay at home this evening……………………….

4.6 In the sentences with the modal verbs should and ought to fill in the gaps with the verbs given below.

to talk, to laugh, to have, to worry, to help,

to correct, to look, to be, to stay, to show.

1. You should……..your mistakes. 2. He should………us his plan. 3. They ought to……..a rest. 4. They should………in time for dinner. 5. You shouldn't………. about your parents. 6. You shouldn't……….at your colleagues. 7. They shouldn't ………during the lesson. 8. You oughtn't to………..at home on Sunday. 9. She should …….good at the party. 10. You ought to……your parents.

4.7 Translate the sentences with the modal verbs should and ought to.

1. Вам следует сегодня быстро закончить работу. 2. Твоему брату тоже следует учить английский. 3. На­шей секретарше следует найти новую работу. 4. Твоим друзьям следует посмотреть этот фильм. 5. Вам следует помнить о ваших друзьях. 6. Ей следует сказать нам правду. 7. Вам не следует торопиться. 8. Ему не следует много курить. 9. Ей не следует много есть. 10. Им не следует нас беспокоить. 11. Вам не следует бояться задавать нам вопросы. 12. Ей не следует звонить нам так часто. 13. Вам тоже следует забыть эту ужасную историю. 14. Ей не следует одной поздно возвращаться домой. 15. Ему следует сказать нам свое имя. 16. Нам следует выбрать подарок для нашего коллеги, потому что у него завтра день рождения.

4.8 React to the following statements using the modal verbs should (recommendation or advice) or need (no need or necessity to do something).

e.g.	They talk at the lessons. => They shouldn't talk at the lessons (Им не следует болтать на уроках) Не phones me every day. => Не needn't phone me every day (Ему не нужно звонить мне каждый день).

1. My brother reads yellow newspapers. 2. These people wait for us. 3. She always worries about her children. 4. This man bothers us all the time. 5. My mother cooks meat every day. 6. This man phones us every day. 7. My brother asks me too many questions. 8. My friend translates articles for me. 9. Our aunt eats too much. 10. Our programmers have lunch at the office. 11. Our partners send us faxes everyday. 12. Our neighbours visit us every day. 13. Our secretary often shows us her pictures. 14. My colleague puts his cup on my table. 15. Our chief often gives us advice.

4.9 In this exercise you have to use should to say that you think something will happen.

e.g.	Do you think Margaret will pass the examination? => Well, she should pass the examination. She has studied very hard.

1. Do you think Ted will get the job he applied for? Well, ………He's got all the necessary qualification. 2. Do you think Jim will win his tennis match against Tom? Well, ……….He's a much better player than Tom. 3. Do you think £10 will be enough to do all the shopping? Well, it ………………………… But take a bit more in case it isn't.

4.10 Now you have to read the situations and write sentences with should (have) and shouldn't (have). Sometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past.

e.g.	The speed limit is 30 miles an hour but Tom is driving at 50. => He shouldn't be driving so fast. When we got to the restaurant there were no free tables. We hadn't reserved one. => We should have reserved a table.

1. It's very cold. Mr. Taylor, who has been ill recently, is walking along the road without a coat. He………………… 2. We went for a walk. While we were walking, we got hungry but we hadn't brought anything with us to eat. We said: We ………………………… 3. I went to Paris. Marcel lives in Paris but I didn't go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You ……………….. 4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is now 9 o'clock but the shop isn't open …………. 5. The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn't my fault……… 6. The children normally go to bed at 9 o'clock. It is now 9.30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. (two sentences)………………. 7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road……………………..

4.11 Match the two halves of these sentences.

1. She should be working	a. when she was supposed to be working.
2. She shouldn't stay in bed all day	b. because she woke up early anyway.
3. She shouldn't have fallen asleep	c. but she's too tired.
4. She mustn't oversleep	d. or she'll miss her interview.
5. She doesn't have to get up yet	e. unless she's ill.
6. She didn't need to rest	f. if she's not going to work today.
7. She needn't have set the alarm clock	g. because she wasn't feeling tired.

Сравните: You should have done it. - следовало сделать (а вы не сделали) You must have done it. - должно быть, сделали

4.12 Insert either should or must.

1. a) You ... have studied the material thoroughly. I see you have made no mistakes in the test-paper. b) You ... have studied the material thoroughly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes.

2. a) She ... have followed the doctor's advice. She would have recovered by now. b) She ... have followed the doctor's advice. She looks very fine.

3. a) You ... have ignored the instructions of your sports coach. That's why you lost the game. b) You ... have followed the instructions of your sports coach. Then you would have won the game.

4. a) She ... have forgotten to take her medicine. b) She ... have remembered to take her medicine.

5. a) I………...have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing. b) I ... have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.

Сравните: I should have done it. - следовало сделать (а я не сделал) I had to do it. - пришлось сделать (сделал)

4.13 Insert either should or had to.

1. I ... (to write) this composition yesterday, but I was too busy as I ... (to translate) a very long text from English. 2. I ... not (to take) my little brother to the evening performance, he was so excited; but I really ... (to do) so, for there was nobody at home to leave him with. 3. You ………(to see) our team play! You have missed a lot. You ... (to go) to the stadium. 4. It was a very important meeting and we ... (to attend) it. That's why we returned home late. 5. He ... (to attend) the lesson: the material which the teacher explained was very difficult, and now it will be impossible for him to write the test-paper well. 6. Although he felt unwell, he …….. (to attend) the lesson, because the teacher explained some very difficult material.

Сравните: You needn't have done it. - могли и не делать (это было не обязательно) You shouldn't have done it. - не следовало делать (плохо, что вы это сделали)

4.14 Comment the following statements using should,

shouldn't or needn't.

e.g.

1) A boy was impolite to a girl and did not apologize. => You should have apologized to the girl. 2) A pupil did all the exercises in writing, even those which were meant for oral practice. => You needn't have done all the exercises in writing. 3) Your aunt is running a temperature. => You should consult the doctor.

What will you say to the person who:

1) bought bread which was not necessary? 2) was not present at the meeting? 3) sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary? 4) went out without his coat and caught cold? 5) apologized for asking you a question? 6) didn't attend a very important lecture? 7) got up at six o'clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary? 8) read till two o'clock in the morning? 9) copied the whole text into his exercise-book? 10) watered the garden, and it is raining now? 11) hasn't returned the books to the library? 12) crossed the street under the red light? 13) doesn't cross the street when the lights are green?

4.15 Complete these sentences with should / ought to + infinitive (or a passive form) or should / ought to have + past participle using one of these verbs. In which one is ought to NOT possible? Are there any in which should is more likely?

c heck include keep listen meet plan refrigerate stay

=> 1. You should / ought to have received my reply by now. 2.This medicine………………..in a cool place. (from a medicine bottle label). 3. Here's someone you really …………… 4. If you're feeling ill, I……………at home today, if I were you. 5. To have got a better mark, you ………………..your answers more thoroughly. 6. According to the label, the jam ………………after opening. 7. I think you ………….. to him. He knew what he was talking about. 8. The results were completely wrong. As a scientist she ………………... the experiment more carefully. 9. The information you send ………………...details of courses taken at university. (from a job application form)

4.16 In which sentences can you put should or must and in which can you only put must? Where both are possible, consider the difference between should and must.

1. A timetable……………be set for withdrawing the army. 2. Les isn't home yet. He………..have been held up at work. 3. 'I wonder how old Mike is?' 'Well, he went to school with my mother, so he…………….be well over 50.' 4. If you smell gas, you……………...phone the emergency number. 5. You…………………try to visit Nepal - it's a beautiful country. 6. 'I only live a couple of minutes from the town centre.' 'It………..be handy having shops nearby.'

4.17 Read about the situations and write sentences with ought to / ought not to. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.

e.g.	Andrew is very upset. You shouted angrily at him. => You ought not to have shouted angrily at him. Beatrice is in hospital. Her son hasn't been to see her. => He ought to go and see her.

1. I live in Edinburgh. You went there last week but you didn't visit me. You ……………………… 2. Christopher has a new CD player. The children used it without his permission. They ……………… 3. The apple trees have lots of ripe fruit on them but no one can be bothered (беспокоиться) to pick it so it will be wasted. Someone ………………………. 4. Darren is five years old. He's playing with a box of matches. He ………………. 5. You've bought a new kitchen gadget (устройство). You thought the manufacturers provided an instruction leaflet, but you can't find it. There…………………………. 6. We called at our friend's house but she was out. We hadn't phoned her before we left home. We……………………

4.18 Translate into English.

1. Тебе не стоило покупать эти туфли. 2. Тебе надо было его подождать. 3. Нам следует быть к нему более внимательными. 4. Вам не следовало опаздывать. 5. Тебе не стоит просить у них денег. 6. Ты не должен был уезжать так рано. 7. Нам надо было выбрать другой подарок. 8. Мне не надо было идти на собрание, так как его отменили. (to cancel) 9. Вам не надо было приходить. Собрание отменили. 10. Вам не стоило приходить. Никто вас не ждал. 11. Не надо было заставлять их ждать. (to keep somebody waiting) 12. Надо было все ему объяснить. 13. Не надо с ним спорить 14. Тебе следует больше работать. 15. Не стоит над ним смеяться.

4.19 Choose the correct form of the verbs must (n't), need't, should (n't), don't have to.

A	JOHN:	Can you help me with these letters?
	IRIS:	(1) Must we do / Should we do them now? Can't they wait until the morning?
	JOHN:	No. I (2) must have posted / should have posted them this morning, really.
	IRIS:	Oh, all right then.
B	KEN:	Where's Sally? She (3) must he / should be here by now.
	JO:	I don't know what's happened to her. She (4) must have missed / should have missed the train.
C	MARY:	Happy birthday. I've brought you a present.
	NEIL:	Oh, you (5) needn't bother / needn't have bothered.
	MARY:	That's OK.
	NEIL:	Well, thanks very much.
D	PETER:	I'm going to Neil's birthday party this evening. Do you think I (6) must / ought to take him a present?
	RAY:	Well, you (7) mustn't / don't have to. I'm sure he doesn't expect one. But personally I don't think you (8) should arrive / must arrive at a party without anything for your host.
E At Neil's party
	NEIL:	Why isn't Andrew here? Is he too busy?
	PETER:	He told me he hadn't been invited. He's gone away for the weekend.
	NEIL:	Oh, dear. His invitation (9) must get lost / must have got lost in the post.

4.20 Complete the second sentence using the correct form of must, need, should or have to without changing the meaning.

e.g. It is vital to wear a helmet (каска) when you ride a motorbike. => You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike.

1. I expect we'll get the contract because we offered the best price. We offered the best price so we…………….

2. It isn't necessary for us to spend a long time in the museum if it's not interesting. We…………………………

3. It was wrong of you to speak to my mother like that. You……………………………………………………..

4. She promised to phone me before lunch. It's seven o'clock now. She ………………………………by now.

5. I made far more sandwiches than we needed. I …………………………………...so many sandwiches.

6. It's essential that my father doesn't find out what I've done. My father…………………………………………

7. In my opinion it would be wrong for them to go home now. I don't think they …………………………..

8. My sister offered me a lift so it wasn't necessary for me to call a taxi. As my sister offered me a lift, I…………..

9. I suggest it's a good idea to check the timetable before we leave. We……………………………………………

4.21 Fill the gaps in the sentences with must(n't), needn't or should(n't).

1. We've run out of paperclips. I …………………get some more in the morning. 2. You ………………………...finish that report tonight if you're too tired. Midday tomorrow is the deadline (крайний срок). 3. What are you doing here? ………………………….you be at the meeting downtown? 4. He really……..……..have told his brother about this deal. It was supposed to be absolutely confidential. 5. You ………………………….clean the office because we haven't been using it today, but could you tidy the shelves in the storeroom, please? 6. You ……………….. make so much noise. We'll be asked to leave otherwise. 7. I'm going to be in trouble. I ……………… have posted these yesterday afternoon and I completely forgot. 8. You ……………..have typed this - a handwritten note would have been quite adequate. 9. The meeting's finished. We …………………….find out what's been decided any moment now.