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Needn't mustn't?

I. needn't употребляется в тех случаях, когда нет необходимости что-либо сделать, если хотим.

  1. a) The car's clean. I needn't wash it this week. b) It isn't raining. You needn't take a coat.

II. mustn't употребляется в тех случаях, когда что-либо делать нельзя, запрещается.

  1. а) The baby's asleep. We mustn't make noise.

b) Your father's very ill. He mustn't get up.

Past

had to

didn't have to

was to

wasn't to/was not to

were to

weren't to/were not to

Future

will have to

won't have to

2. Модальный глагол must может выражать предположение, в котором говорящий практически уверен. В этом значении must употребляется только в утвердитель­ных предложениях.

  • must do

Не must get up very early.

He must know about it.

Должно быть, он рано встает.

Должно быть, он знает об этом.

  • must be doing

He must be reading.

По-видимому, он читает.

  • must have done

He must have already come.

Вероятно, он уже пришел.

  • must have been doing

He must have been waiting for already an hour.

Он ждет уже, должно быть, час.

3. Предложения типа

Он, должно быть, не пришел.

Он, вероятно, нечестный человек.

Дон, вероятно, опять не понял свою жену.

можно перевести следующим образом:

Не must have failed to come.

He must be a dishonest person.

Don must have misunderstood his wife again.

!

He путайте предложения типа Он должен был…с предложениями типа Он, должно быть, ...

Не had to do it himself.

Ему пришлось это сделать самому.

Не must have done it himself.

Он, должно быть, сделал это сам.

  • Caroline is so happy. John must have proposed to her.

  • Oh. I'm sure he had to propose to her. She wanted to marry him so much.

MUST - Долженствование

You must respect your parents. (должны)

You must not go there. (нельзя)

Must I learn it by heart? (должен?)

Предположение - должно быть

It must be cold outside. (должно быть)

TO HAVE TO - Эквивалент глагола MUST

I have to go there.

(надо)

I had to go there.

(пришлось)

I shall have to go there.

(придется)

Do you have to go there?

Did you have to go there?

Will you have to go there?

I don't have to go there.

(не надо)

I didn't have to go there.

(не пришлось)

I shan't have to go there.

(не придется)

(надо?)

(пришлось?)

(придется?)

TO HAVE TO - TO BE TO - необходимость

TO HAVE TO - вынужденная необходимость

TO BE TO1 - необходимость по договоренности или плану

I have to go there. –

должен (вынужден)

I am to go there. –

должен, предстоит

(договорились, или

такое расписание)

I had to go there. -

пришлось

I was to go there. -

предстояло

3.1 Write the following sentences in the Past and Future Simple Tenses.

1. You must listen to the tape-recording of this text several times. 2. You must take your examination in English. 3. She can translate this article without a dictionary. 4. We can't meet them at the station. 5. The doctor must examine the child. 6. He must work systematically if he wants to know French well. 7. This child must spend more time out in the open air. 8. I can't recite this poem. 9. You must take part in this work. 10. He can't join the party because he is busy.

3.2 Translate into Russian.

a)

1. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday. 2. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 3. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 4. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 5. They had to call the doctor because the grandmother was ill. 6. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? - Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 7. I have not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 8. We did not have to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie. 9. Will you have to get up early tomorrow?

b)

1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 5. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o'clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.

3.3 Write the modal verb must and have (to), have got (to), be (to) in all the persons and in all the possible tenses (in the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. One must work when one is young. 2.You must do as you're told. 3. You must not speak loud: the child is sleeping. 4. It's five o'clock. She must be at home. She must have already left her office. 5. He was to be at the meeting at five, so he had to put off his visit to the doctor. 6. What am I to do? Something has to be done about this affair! 7. She is not to come before six. 8. He is to arrive on Monday. 9. Mother says I'm not to ring them up before twelve o'clock. 10. He'll have to do what he's told. 11. You will have to come again. 12. We are to meet in the afternoon.

3.4 Complete these sentences with must or have to (in its correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.

e.g.

Well, it's 10 o'clock. I must (or have to) go now.

Ann was feeling ill last night. She had do leave the party early.

1. You really..................work harder if you want to pass that examination. 2. Many children in Britain ...................wear uniform when they go to school. 3. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We..................call the doctor. 4. Ann has.......................wear glasses since she was eight years old. 5. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I..........................work late 6. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I........................work late. 7. Tom may ........................go away next week. 8. We couldn't repair the car ourselves. We....................... take it to a garage. 9. When you come to London again, you.....................come and see us.

3.5 Now make questions with have to.

e.g.

Tom had to go to the police station. =>

Why did he have to go to the police station?

1. Ann has to leave tomorrow. What time exactly .......………. 2. We had to answer a lot of questions in the examination. How many questions…..? 3. George had to pay a parking fine. How much ………? 4. I have to get up early tomorrow. Why …………………………. ?

3.6 This time make negative sentences with have to.

e.g.

'Did they change trains? ' 'No, it was a through train so they didn't have to change trains '.

1. 'Did you pay to get into the concert? ' 'No, we had free tickets so we ……………………… .' 2. 'Does Jack shave?' 'No, he's got a beard so ……………… .' 3. 'Did you get up early this morning? ' 'No, it's my day off so ……………..... .' 4. 'Do you work? ' 'No, I'm extremely rich so ……...……… .'

3.7 Complete these sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to.

e.g.

a) I don't want anyone to know. You mustn't tell anyone what I said. b) I don't have to wear a suit to work but I usually do.

1. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I …...…….. work. 2. Whatever you do, you ………………touch that switch. It's very dangerous. 3. You ……………forget what I told you. It's very important. 4. She ……………get uр so early. She gets up early because she prefers to. 5. We ………….. leave yet. We've got plenty of time.

3.8 Complete the sentences using have to in the Past and the Future Indefinite Tenses.

e.g.

I was tired yesterday, that's why………..(to take a taxi).=>

I was tired yesterday, that's why I had to take a taxi.

1. The weather was bad yesterday, that's why..........(to stay at home). 2. I left my watch at home, that's why (to return). 3. My sister invited her friends to us yesterday, that's why..........(to buy a lot of food). 4. My father didn't want to have fish for dinner, that's why..........(to cook meat). 5. My mother didn't let me go to the party that's why..........(to play computer games). 6. I forgot to translate an article at home, that's why.......... (to translate it before the lesson). 7. We forgot to buy sugar, that's why..........(to have tea without sugar). 8. She made a lot of mistakes in her exercises, that's why..........(to correct). 9. My friends were waiting for me at the railway station, that's why..........(to hurry). 10. My friends were not right, that's why..........(to give advice). 11. There are no cups in our office, that's why..........(to bring cups to the office tomorrow). 12. There is no light in our office, that's why..........(to return home). 13. We receive a lot of letters from Germany, that's why..........(to learn German next year). 14. My aunt is in trouble, that's why..........(to help soon). 15. My sister doesn't know what to do, that's why..........(to tell the truth).

3.9 Use to be able (to) or to have (to) in the Future Indefinite Tense.

1. We – to wait long, as he will not return soon. 2. We – to take a lot of food when we go on an excursion. 3. I – not – to translate this text without a dictionary. 4. I – not – to call on you tonight, as I have got a lot of work to do. 5. There will be nobody to help you there, so you – to carry your things yourself. 6. The box is too heavy. I – not – to carry it myself. 7. If you work hard you – soon – to read and speak English. 8. As she is ill we – to go and see her. 9. I – not – to meet her at the station, so you – to do it in­stead. 10. After her illness she – not – to walk, you – to take a taxi. 11. You – to help your friend with her English. 12. The train starts at 7a.m., so we – to get up very early.

3.10 Use have to or be to whenever is preferable according to the situation.

1. Where ... the lecture to take place? - I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So our plan is as follows: I ... to go to the library and bring the books. You ... to look through all the material here. Later we ... to work together. 3. 'You ... to do it alone, without anybody's help,' she said strictly. 4. I ... to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we ... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. I ... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I ... to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the schoolmistress all the pupils ... to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we ... to meet at two o'clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I ... to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting ... to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late.

3.11 Insert must or have to in the correct form.

1. Не says I ....... tell him the truth. 2. He ....... to drive last year. 3. He said I ....... win the game. 4. 1 ....... look for another job next month. 5. 1 ....... wake up early yesterday. 6 ........ I type this article now? 7. 1 was late because I ....... type an article. 8. I'll prove it and you ....... admit I'm right. 9. The house was too small for them and they ....... look for another house last year. 10. 1 ....... leave in an hour.

3.12 This time you have to use must, have to or be to in the correct form.

1. As we had agreed I ....... meet him at 7. 2. I know I ....... do the work myself. It's my duty. 3. Susan says I ....... drive her to the station. She thinks it's my duty. 4. The babysitter was ill and Ellen ....... look after the child herself. 5. "You ....... look after the children properly, feed them and take them for a walk" Mrs. Swift said to the babysitter. 6. The guide ....... meet the group and take them to the hotel yesterday. 7. The children didn't understand the rule and the teacher ....... explain it again. 8. "You ....... cross the road alone" the mother said to the child. 9. I ....... take the umbrella because the forecast was bad. 10. The bell had gone and I ....... answer the question. 11. I didn't know I ....... to work extra hours. We hadn't agreed on that. 12. "When ....... I return the book?" Steve asked the librarian. 13. I ....... interrupt the speaker because I didn't get the point. 14. You ....... shout at children. 15. I ....... sell the car one of these days. It keeps breaking down.

3.13 In this exercise you have to translate sentences using have to in the Past and the Future Indefinite.

1. Почему ты должен был работать в воскресенье? 2. Почему ты должен был отвечать на этот вопрос? 3. Когда вы должны были продолжить свою работу? 4. Когда вы должны были приехать в офис? 5. Что вы должны были делать вчера? 6. Когда вы должны были переводить эту статью? 7. Почему они должны были платить за завтрак? 8. Почему он должен был уехать в Ростов? 9. Почему тебе пришлось делать эту работу? 10. Почему им пришлось ждать тебя на улице? 11. Почему тебе пришлось повернуть направо? 12. Кто должен был купить кофе? 13. Кто должен был отослать факс? 14. Кто должен был остаться в офисе? 15. Кому пришлось идти гулять с собакой? 16. Где вы должны будете проверять нашу работу? 17. Куда они должны будут поехать? 18. Что она должна будет приготовить на обед? 19. Кому придется принимать этот факс? 20. Кому придется разговаривать с начальником? 21. Кому придется заваривать чай? 22. Кому придется завтра убирать комнату?

3.14 Translate the sentences into English.

1. Он должен прийти через десять минут. 2. Я думаю, ты должна сделать всю работу сама. 3. Мне придется снова с ним встречаться. 4. Она настаивала, и мне пришлось согласиться. 5. Как мы договорились, он должен был зайти за мной вечером. (to call for me). 6. Ты не должен обращать внимания на его замечания. Он невоспитанный человек. 7. Он выглядел несчастным, и Деборе пришлось его простить. 8. Что я должен делать, когда приедут гости? 9. Он позвонил нам, и нам пришлось его пригласить. 10. Это прекрасный рассказ. Вы должны его напечатать. 11. Сейчас он должен быть в Калифорнии, а через день - в Колорадо. 12. Ты не должен смеяться над тем, что он говорит. Это разумно. 13. «Куда поставить чемодан?», спросил таксист мисс Кейн. 14. Тебе придется ехать туда снова? 15. Ты не должен стирать этот свитер в горячей воде.

3.15 Fill each of the gaps with must or a form of have to followed by a suitable verb.

e.g. I really dislike having to go shopping at the weekend.

1. Just recently I.......... down on my spending. 2. You really.......... me to your wife. 3. We.......... through the window because I had left my key inside. 4. One day everyone.......... at the age of fifty, whether they like it or not. 5.This exercise is so difficult, one ..........a genius to do it. 6. I didn't take the job because I ……… fifty hours a week. 7. Come on, you.......... me drive you home. 8. You..........at your desk at nine sharp or else part of your salary........... 9. You..........for twenty-six weeks in the previous year to qualify for unemployment benefit. 10. I find I.......... longer and longer on my homework at the moment just to keep up.

3.16 Complete these sentences with a form of have to or must (whichever is more likely) + an appropriate verb.

1. He's got a lung problem and he......................to hospital every two weeks. 2. You......................and visit us soon. It would be so nice to see you again. 3. That's really good news. I..................... my friend, Steve. 4. I always sleep through the alarm clock. My Dad......................me every morning. 5. As I won't be at home tonight, I......................my homework during my lunch break. 6. 'Can we meet on Thursday morning?' 'Sorry, no. I .............. to the dentist at 11.00.' 7. I'm feeling really unfit. I .............. more exercise.

3.17 Match the sentence beginnings and ends.

1 You mustn't drink alcohol

2 You mustn't keep medicines

3 You don't have to be a member

4 You don't have to play golf well

5 Newspapers mustn't

6 You don't have to drink alcohol

7 Newspapers don't have to say

8 Children mustn't be allowed

9 You mustn't be surprised

a to enjoy it.

b when you go into a pub.

с if teachers object to the new curriculum.

d to run up and down the aisle (проход) of the aircraft.

e to use the tennis club.

f when you drive.

g who provided their information.

h where children can get them.

i mislead the public.

3.18 In this exercise you have to complete the sentences with must, mustn't or needn't.

e.g. We haven't got much time. We must hurry.

We've got plenty of time. We needn't hurry.

1. 'Do you want me to wait for you?' 'No, it's okay. You ..... wait.' 2. Tom gave me a letter to post. I ..... forget to post it. 3. You..... come if you don't want to but 1 hope you will. 4. 'What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?' 'Well, it ..... be big - that's not important. But it…..have a nice garden - that's essential. 5. We have enough food at home so we ..... go shopping today. 6. This book is very valuable. You ..... look after it very carefully and you.....

lose it.

3.19 This time you have to make a sentence with needn't have

e.g. I don't know why we hurried. We needn't have hurried.

1. I don't know why they left so early. They ……………………….

2. I don't know why she shouted at me like that. She…………………

3. I don't know why he read the whole book………………………….

4. I don't know why she cancelled her holiday……………………….

3.20 Now read these situations and make sentences with needn't have.

e.g. Ann bought some eggs. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She needn't have bought any eggs.

1. Tom went out and took an umbrella with him because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn't rain …………….. 2. Jack got very angry with Jill and threw a book at her. Later Jill said: 'I know you were very angry but ……….... 3. Brian had no money, so he sold his car. A few days later he won a lot of money in a competition. ………………

3.21 Helen isn't well today. She's in bad. She's been sick, and she's quite hot. The doctor has come to see her. Complete what the doctor says. Put in mustn't or needn't.

Doctor: Well, I'm going to give you some medicine. You ... take it. four times a day before meals. And go on taking it even if you feel better. You……stop taking it until you've finished the bottle. You ... drink all of it Now, you ... stay in bed today. It's the best place for you at the moment. You can get up tomorrow if you like. You ... stay in bed all the time when you start to feel better. But you ... go outside this week. It's too cold and you really…… do any work at all. You need absolute rest. You……. just relax for a few days. You can eat a little if you like, but you…..if you don't want to. But don't forget to keep drinking. You ... drink as much water as you can. You'll probably be all right again next week, so you…..call me again unless you feel worse. But I'm sure the worst is over.

3.22 Make up as many sentences as possible using must with the meaning of probability or supposition. Translate the sentences into Russian.

He

She

They

must

be at home.

be ill, I am afraid.

be listening to the music.

be registering a letter at the office now.

have heard the news.

have posted the letter already.

have been listening for more than an hour.

Have been traveling for a month already.

3.23 Complete these sentences using must (have) or can't (have)

e.g. Is he British?' 'Yes, he must be British.

Did she see you?' 'No, she can't have seen me.

1. 'Are they married?' 'Yes, they must …………………... 2. 'Is he serious?' 'No, he can't …………………………... 3. 'Were they in a hurry?' 'Yes, they ……………………. 4. 'Does Ann know a lot of people?' 'Yes, she………….….' 5. 'Did Tom know about the plan?' 'Yes, he ……………..' 6. 'Do they have much money?' 'No, they ………………...' 7. 'Was he driving carefully?' 'No, he……………………...' 8. 'Are they waiting for somebody?' 'Yes, they…………...'

3.24 Complete these sentences with must or can't + a suitable verb.

e.g. You've been traveling all day. You must be very tired.

1. Brian has got three houses, six cars, a yacht and a helicopter. He……………….a lot of money. 2. (The doorbell rings.) I wonder who that is. It................... Jim. He said he would come after 7 o'clock and it's only 6.30 now. 3. I wonder why Tom isn't at work today. I suppose he………………….ill. 4. John seems to know a lot about history. He…………. a lot of books. 5. Jack's putting on his hat and coat. He………………..out.

3.25 Now you have to read a situation and write a sentence with must have or can't have. Use the words in brackets.

e.g. The phone rang but I didn't hear it. (I must/be/asleep). =>

I must have been asleep.

1. That dress you bought is of a very good quality. (it must / be / very expensive) It must ………………………………. 2. I haven't seen Jim for ages.(he must / go / away). He ………………….… 3. I wonder where my umbrella is. (you must / leave / it on the train)…………………………… 4. Don passed the examination. He didn't study very much for it. (the exam can't / be / very difficult) ……………………. 5. She knew everything about our plans. (she must / listen /to our conversation) ……………………………..…… 6. Dennis did the opposite of what I asked him to do. (he can't / understand / what I said) …………………………. 7. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I must / forget /to turn it off)……………………………………....... 8. I don't understand how the accident happened. (the driver can't / see / the red light).

3.26 Complete the sentences using must have…

e.g. Не looks so upset, (he /to fail his exam again).=>

He must have failed his exam again.

1. The manager let Susan go yesterday. (she / to look ill) ……………

2. Robert is sleeping. (he / to be tired) ……………………………….

3. Why isn't Jill at home? Where is she? (she / to ride a bicycle / two hours) ……………………………………….

4. You can't use the telephone now. (Barbara/ to talk on the phone)...

5. Professor Dane seems to know everything about malaria. (he / to study malaria/ ten years)……………..……….…………………..

6. John is afraid to go to school. (he / not to do his homework/ yesterday) ……………...……………………….…………………….

7. The children are in the sitting-room. (they / to watch TV)…………

8. My sister and her friend are getting married. (they / to be in love)

9. What is Mother doing in the kitchen? (she / to make dinner)……...

10. Is Mrs Bone still in the garden? - Yes. (she /to work in the garden/since morning)………………………………………………..

3.27 Translate the sentences into English.

a)

1. Нам пришлось взять такси. 2. По-видимому, он взял такси. 3. Вероятно, он сказал им правду. 4. Ему пришлось сказать им правду. 5. Ему пришлось продать машину. 6. Должно быть, он продал машину. 7. Наверное, он не придет на вечер. 8. Не похоже, чтобы они выиграли завтра. 9. Должно быть, он тебе напишет. 10. По-видимому, погода изменится. 11. Похоже, что они поедут в отпуск на днях. 12. Должно быть, она не пригласит Стива.

b)

1. Он, вероятно, никогда здесь раньше не был. 2. Должно, быть, она попросила его о помощи. 3. Мы ждем автобуса, должно быть, полчаса. 4. Скорее всего, они не будут покупать такой дорогой дом. 5. Похоже, что ты очень ленив. 6. По-видимому, он не купил для нее подарок. 7. Они поссорились. Должно быть, она где-нибудь плачет. 8. Вероятно, он опоздал на поезд. 9.Должно быть, он не посмотрел этот фильм. 10. Дети, вероятно, сейчас обедают. 11. Мне пришлось говорить речь. 12. Похоже, они поедут в Африку. 13. Они ссорятся, должно быть, уже час. 14. Вероятно, ей не удалось приготовить хороший обед. 15. Стив, должно быть, пишет упражнения.

3.28 Translate the English proverbs and try to match their Russian equivalents. There may be more than one Russian equivalent. Use the proverbs in the situations of your own.

  1. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.

  2. If the mountain will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet must go to the mountain.

  3. Caesar's wife must be above suspicion.

  4. What can't be cured must be endured.

  5. What must be, must be.

а .

в.

с.

d.

e.

f.

g.

Чего нельзя вылечить, то нужно вытерпеть.

Жена Цезаря должна быть выше подозрений.

Что посеешь, то и пожнешь.

Если гора не хочет прийти к Магомету, то Магомет должен пойти к горе.

Тот, кто непосредственно связан с великими людьми, должен иметь безупречную репутацию.

Чему быть того не миновать.

Следует мириться с тем, чего нельзя исправить.

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