1. Complete as in the text:

Not all businesses … in the same way.

In unlimited liability companies the owners … of the company.

In a limited liability company (Ltd.) the owners are liable … in the business.

Unlimited liability companies are subdivided into …

Limited liability companies are subdivided into …

… is a company which has shareholders but which cannot offer its shares to the public.

… is a company whose shares can be bought and sold on the stock exchange.

TEXT: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

employee службовець, співробітник

Board of Directors правління, рада директорів

Chairman of the Board голова правління

Managing Director генеральний директор

Head of a company керівник компанії

Finance department фінансовий відділ

Sales department відділ збуту

Marketing department відділ маркетингу

Production department виробничий відділ

Research and Development department відділ наукових досліджень та розробок

Personnel department відділ кадрів

senior executive /manager керівник вищого рангу

top executive /manager керівник вищого рангу

The structure of organizations varies greatly according to the nature of the business. There are several factors which influence this structure:

• the number of locations and employees

• the economic sector

• the type of market in which they operate

• the type of customer

• the degree of management control required

• the complexity of the business activities

The company is run by a Board of Directors; each Director is in charge of a department. However, the Chairman of the Board is in overall control and may not be the head of any one department. The Board is responsible for policy decisions and strategy. The Managing Director (sometimes called the Chief Executive, or President in the USA) is the head of the company, who has overall responsibility for the running of the business.

Most companies have Finance, Sales, Marketing, Production, Research and Development (R&D) and Personnel Departments. These are the most common departments, but some companies have others as well.

Most departments have a Manager, who is in charge of its day-today running, and who reports to the Director; the Director is responsible for strategic planning and for making decisions. Various personnel in each department report to the Manager.

People at the head of an organization are often called senior executives or senior managers, top executives or top managers.

1. Answer the questions:

1. What can influence the structure of organizations?

2. Who is the company run by?

3. What is the Board responsible for?

4. What Departments do most of the companies have?

5. What is the Director responsible for?

6. How do we call people at the head of an organization?

TEXT: MARKETING

involve (v) містити в собі, мати на увазі

demand попит, потреба

appropriate відповідний, підхожий

achieve (v) досягати, успішно виконувати

objective мета, завдання

marketing strategy стратегія маркетингу

take into consideration (v) брати до уваги

marketing mix формула маркетингу

promotion сприяння у продажу (товару)

support підтримка, допомога

reliability надійність

charge (v) призначати, вимагати плату

Marketing involves analyzing and understanding customer demand in order to enable the company to provide the most appropriate products and services.

A company's approach to achieving its marketing objectives is called marketing strategy.

The various factors a company must take into consideration when developing its marketing objectives are referred to as marketing mix. The marketing mix is often summarized as the so-called four P's: product, price, place, promotion: what to sell, to whom, where, and with what support.

Product can be defined as goods or service that you are marketing and includes its design, quality and reliability.

Price refers to how much money a company charges for its products. The marketing view of pricing involves considering the value of a product, the volume of sales required.

Place refers to distribution, that is, how and where the product is made available to customers.

Promotion means presenting the product to the customer. Promotion involves considering the packaging and presentation of the product, its image, the product name, advertising.