- •Lecture 7 Topic : the simple sentence Points for discussion
- •7.1. The simple sentence: its general characteristics. The principles of the classification of sentences.
- •7.1.1 The simple sentence and its general characteristics
- •7.1.2. The principals of the classification of simple sentences.
- •7.2. The structure of the simple sentence
- •7.2.1. The surface structure of the simple sentences. The Subject. The Predicate. The Secondary parts of the sentence.
- •7.3. The communicative types of the sentences and their correlations.
- •7.4. Sentence analysis: the model of parts of the sentence, the distributional model, ic-model, the transformational model.
- •7.4.1 The model of parts of the sentence
- •7.5.2. Distributional model
- •7.4.4. Transformational model
- •7.5. Semantic & communicative structures of the sentence.
- •7.5.1. The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •7.5.2. Communicative structure of the sentence
- •1. Классификация д. Вундерлиха
- •2. Классификация г.Г. Почепцова
- •3. Классификация Дж.Н. Лича
- •4. Классификация к. Баха
- •5. Классификация в.В. Богданова
7.4.4. Transformational model
Transformation model describes the connection between the deep and the surface structures as some process presented through the series of transformations
Transformation is an explicit formula of some kind of model distinguished by the speakers of a certain language
The main types of transformations: passive transformations , transformations of replacement; transformations of omission; transformations of nominalization;
The example of passive transformation
The small lady listented to me attentively. — I was listened attentively by the small lady.
The example of transformation of replacement
George gave Martha an apple. — George gave an apple to Martha.
The example of transformation of omission:
Elene talked to someone a great deal. — Elene talked a great deal.
The example of transformation of nominalization:
Debby admits that he hates his job — Debby admits his hatred towards his job.
7.5. Semantic & communicative structures of the sentence.
7.5.1. The semantic structure of the sentence.
The semantical structure is an abstract model of some syntactical relations between defined by the valency of the finite verb. So, actually we may see under the semantical structure the relations between the finite verb and its arguments. The semantical roles (deep cases) are semantical items taken as language correspondence to the participants of the situation. Ch. Fillmore defines 8 functional relations between the Predicate and the arguments expressed through 8 semantical (deep) cases.
DEEP CASE |
SEMANTC ROLE |
DESCRIPTION |
AGENTIVE |
THE AGENT |
Presented through the Subject or the Object. Designed to express the doer of the action performed by the finite verb.
E.g. I read a note. A note was read by me. |
OBJECTIVE |
THE OBJECT (PATIENS) |
Presented through the Subject or the direct Object. Designed to express the object(the source) of the action performed by the finite verb. The object may be expressed both by animated and non-animated nouns.
E.g. The yard was overlooked. |
FACTATIVE |
THE FACT |
Presented through the Object. Designed to express the result of the action performed by the finite verb.
E.g. The child pronounced “Daddy”. |
EXPERIENTIAL |
THE EXPERIENCER
|
Presented through the Subject Designed to define the person or other animate affected or experiencing a state expressed by the perceptive verbs without doing and/or acting out the action."The Subject may be expressed both by proper or common nouns. E.g. Samantha was chilled by the night. The sharks smelled blood.
|
BENEFICTATIVE |
THE BENEFICIARY |
Presented through the Subject or indirect Object. Designed to define a person or other animate noun that "benefits," the one to whom or for whom, the action of the finite verb is performed."
E.g.
He presented her with a rose. — Doctor Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize.
|
INSTRUMENTAL |
INSTRUMENT |
Presented through the Subject or the Object. Designed to express the intentional act performed by the finite verb. That’s why this semantic role is mostly presented in the semantical structures containing Agent.
E.g. John broke the window with a stone. (the Instrument is presented through the Object). The wind opened the door. (The Instrument is presented through the Subject)
|
LOCATIVE |
LOCATION |
Presented through the Subject or adverbial modifier of place. Designed to express the location of the action performed by the finite verb.
E.g. He stayed in Moscow. (locative is expressed through the adverbial modifier).
The wide playgrounds were swarming with the boys. (locative is expressed through). The Subject) |
DATIVE |
ADRESSEE |
Presented through the indirect Object. Designed to define a person towards whom the action the finite verb is performed."
E.g. Give me the letter. |