3. Тф 3. System of English intonation

Intonation is such a unity of speech (melody, sentence, stress, voice timbre, the tempo of speech), which enables the speaker to express adequately the meaning of sentences, his attitude towards their content & his feelings & emotions.

Speech melody (pitch(высота тона) component of intonation) is the variations in t pitch of t voice.

Pitch is the degree of height of our voice in speech. For example, falling intonation is formed by pitch changes from high to low, and rising intonation is formed by pitch changes from low to high.

Sentence stress makes the utterance understandable to the listener by making the important words in the sentence stressed, clear and higher in pitch and by shortening and obscuring the unstressed words.

T timbre of speech is t special coloring of t voice in pronouncing sentences, shows t speaker’s emotions.

T tempo of speech is t speech with which sentences or their parts are pronounced, it’s determined by the rate at which speech sounds are uttered and also by number & length of pauses.

Closely connected with t tempo of speech is its rhythm (T recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less equal intervals of time)

Intonation performs several important functions in English. The first function is uniting separate words into sentences in oral speech. The second function of intonation is distinguishing between types of sentences: statements, questions, commands, requests, exclamations, etc.

1. Statements are most widely used with the Low Fall.

2. Commands, with the Low Fall are very powerful, intense, serious and strong.

3. Exclamations are very common with the High Fall.

10. Ия 1. Origin of t English language

English belongs to the Indo-European family, which includes most of the European languages and a few Asiatic ones. We do not know where the original speakers of the parent Indo-European language lived. Guesses about their homeland range all the way from northwestern Europe to central Asia. When they left home and went out in search of new lands – which they did in various waves from about 2500 B.C. to about 1000 B.C.

The three branches with which English is most concerned are the Greek, Latin, and Germanic, particularly the last. As they split up and settled in different regions, the difference became so great that the Greeks, for instance, could not possibly understand the Germans.

Old Germanic split into North, East, and West Germanic. West Germanic split into High and low German. And low German split into further dialects, including those of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. There were Differences in pronunciation, and even in word ending, between these last three; but most of the root words were enough alike to be recognizable, and the three tribes seem to have had no great Difficulty in understanding each other. About 450 A.D. members of all three tribes moved into what is now called England, and began to take it over. It is at this time that we usually say the English language, as such, began.

Two great invasions and a missionary movement changed the language enormously. The total result of these and other influences was that the English vocabulary became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed.