17. Л 1. Morphemes and their types

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. In spoken language, morphemes are composed of phonemes (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of sound), and in written language morphemes are composed of graphemes (the smallest units of written language).

Word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix.

T classification of m.

I. T semantic classification

1. root m. remains after removing all functional & derivational affixes. It is recurrent in words of the word-family & has an individual lexical meaning.

2. non-root m. are m. which added to the root m. to make new forms of the same word or new words. The can be: 1. inflections-they carry only grammatical meaning; 2. affixes-m. which are added to t base & modify its meaning or form new words(prefixes stays before root m.;suffex-after; interfixes-handycraft).

II. T structural classification

1.Free morphemes like town, and dog can appear with other lexemes (as in town hall or dog house) or they can stand alone, i.e. "free".

2.Bound morphemes like "un-" appear only together with other morphemes to form a lexeme. Bound morphemes in general tend to be prefixes and suffixes.

III. T functional classification

1.unique m. are met only in one word of the given l. cranberry

2.recurrent m. are met in a number of words blackberry

19. Л 3. Semasiology. Monosemy and polysemy.

Semasiology is a discipline within linguistics concerned with the question "what does the word X mean?". It studies the meaning of words.

Types of meaning:

1.denotative. Express the conceptual content of the word. It shows the correlation between words & objects which they denote.

2.connotative. The emotive charge is the component of meaning which gives information of the emotions of speakers. The stylistic reference is the…about the sphere of application of the word. Child-neutral; kid-colloquial; infant-bookish.

Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a word, phrase, etc.) or signs to have multiple meanings. For example the verb "to get" can mean "take" (I'll get the drinks), "become" (she got scared), "have" (I've got three dollars), "understand" (I get it) etc.

Monosemy -having a single, highly abstract meaning usually of individual words or phrases.Сlarity , clearness , limpidity , lucidity , lucidness , pellucidity - free from obscurity and easy to understand.

18. Л 2. Compound words and their types

Compound words are the words which are produced by combining two or more stems.

1. According to t means of composition used to link the stems together:

neutral –formed by joining together two stems without any linking elements (a mere juxtaposition): scarecrow, goldfish

Morphological –components are joined by a linking vowel or consonant handiwork, craftsmanship, Syntactic compounds are formed from segments of speech preserving in their structure numerous traces of syntagmatic relations typical of speech: articles, prepositions, adverbs, as in the nouns lily-of-the-valley, mother-in-law.