Focused Practice

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What is paid attention to in the text? Why?

2. Why does LNG need seven times more energy to be transported than crude oil?

3. What is the cold energy used for at present?

4. What can you tell about the heating media in conventional heat engines?

5. How do the plants generating power with cold energy have to be operated?

6. Where and why will LNG be used increasingly?

II. Analyse the grammar structures underlined in the above text.

III. Speak on: Liquified natural gases as fuel oils.

Unit 51 Grammar: The Participle. The Gerund Word List:

1. kiln	печь для обжига
2. single layer fast firing concept	принцип быстрого сгорания однослойного материала
3. setting	установка
4. single layer firing setting	установка для сгорания однослойного материала
5. firing process	процесс сгорания
6. ceramic plant engineering	производство керамики
7. burner	камера сгорания
8. combustion product outlet speed	скорость сгорания продуктов горения на выходе
9. clay mineral	минерал, содержащий глину
10. fluorinated	фторированный
11. fluorinated-polluting agents	фторированные загрязняющие продукты горения
12. fumes stack	вытяжная труба
13. sampling	выборка, образец
14. valid	способный, пригодный
15. SOV (Volatile Organic Substances)	летучие органические вещества
16. R&D (research and development)	НИР
17. silk-screen printing media	средства печатания c шёлковой изоляцией
18. fixing agent	фиксатор
19. fluidizer	образовыватель суспензии
20. inlet	вход
21. outlet	выход

New Firing Technology

The new generation of the kilns called “Windfire”, protected by three European patents, has enabled to change dramatically the single-layer fast firing concept, thus paving the way for a new kiln concept and for its introduction in the industrial and environmental segment. It is not only a matter of pure development and structure optimization of a machine originating from a single-layer firing setting, but it implies a new integration method for the firing process according to a modern concept of the ceramic plant engineering.

The principle of this new firing technology was the development of special burners featured by a variable flame speed enabling to check the kiln temperature distribution through controlling the combustion product outlet speed.

After the coming into force of the act dated July 12^th 1990 in Italy, the limit for SO₂ content in the emissions from kilns and furnaces is 1500 mg/m³, as this pollutant is considered as extremely harmful. Thus, its presence is considered as undesirable. Different suitable systems for its removal have been developed, though involving managing problems and production cost are increasing. As natural gas used in these systems contains very low sulphur levels, the SO₂ content comes from the sulphur bonded on the clay minerals used.

The detected presence of fluorinated compounds developing during the final firing steps and in the first cooling step does not create problems; rather it removes from the emissions in the cooling area those fluorinated-polluting agents that can be cleaned only in the fumes stack. Through the combustion products the above pollutants reach the installed filters.

The possibility of carrying out samplings at temperatures below 500 ^oC in the pre-heating sections allowed IPEG to achieve a project valid also to reduce the SOVs that currently were not treated, as their cleaning would have required an extremely difficult and expensive procedure, with an after-combustion of all the fumes produced inside the firing channel. A preliminary study carried out in the R&D lab of IPEG proved that the degradation of SOV more and more used in the ceramic industry such as silk-screen printing media, fixing agents, fluidizers, organic glues, occurs during the thermal treatment in a temperature range between the kiln inlet and 500 ^oC.