Focused Practice

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What is necessary for any enterprise to operate efficiently?

2. Where were electric meters often installed in Russia?

3. What did they measure?

4. What does introduction of reduced night tariffs in the Sverdlovsk region necessitate?

5. What are considerable opportunities associated with?

6. How does it become possible to check optimal energy consumption patterns?

II. Analyse the grammar structures underlined in the above text.

III. Speak on: Energy consumption metering in hospitals.

Unit 49 Grammar: The Noun as an Attribute. The Participle Word List:

1. irradiation	облучение, радиоактивное заражение
2. disposal	захоронение (например, радиоактивных отходов)
3. to be underway	проводиться, вестись
4. a high-integrity, corrosion-resistant container	целостный, не разрушающийся контейнер
5. unreprocessed	не поддающийся переработке
6. vault	разлом, карьер, хранилище для радиоактивных отходов
7. fission	распад, деление, расщепление
8. to be under investigation	рассматриваться
9. “stressed-shell” design	плотно закрытая конструкция
10. to withstand	выдерживать, противостоять
11. to flood	затоплять
12. cast-in-place metal matrix	отлитая по месту металлическая сетка
13. packed-particulate material	материал, упрочненный макрочастицами
14. stuctural bracing	конструкционный каркас
15. in terms of	с точки зрения, с позиций
16. MPa	мегапаскаль (единица давления)
17. postulated	при условии
18. remote fabrication and handling requirements	требования по обеспечению дистанционного захоронения и управления
19. dilute	разжиженный
20. austenit	аустенит – структура стали
21. stainless steel	нержавеющая сталь

Design of Containment for the Long-Term Isolation of Irradiated Fuel During Underground Disposal

As part of the Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, work is underway to design high-integrity, corrosion-resistant containers for the direct disposal of unreprocessed, irradiated fuel in a geologic vault. The role of such containers is to provide isolation of the fuel for at least 300 years, thus ensuring that most fission products are contained for their hazardous lives.

Several container concepts are under investigation. The simplest container, called the “stressed-shell” design, has sufficient strength and shell thickness to withstand the hydrostatic pressures which could be experienced in a flooded disposal vault. Other designs provide internal support for a thinner shell, using a cast-in-place metal matrix, packed-particulate material on structural bracing.

They coordinate the overall effort in development the stressed-shell, the metal-matrix concepts, the packed-particulate design and the structurally supported design. The principal objectives of the program are to assess the feasibility of each concept in terms of ease of fabrication, cost and performance in the vault environment. On the basis of this assessment, one or more concepts will be recommended for more detailed evaluation.

Container design considerations include: external hydrostatic loading of the shell to 9 MPa equivalent to that in a 1000-m, deep vault postulated to have flooded with groundwater, container temperatures to 150°C, remote fabrication and handling requirements.

Some concepts have assessed a wide range of metals, and alloys for their potential use as container shell materials. The assessment was based primarily on physical metallurgy, weldability and corrosion performance. The following materials were recommended for further study: dilute titanium-based alloys, high-nickel-based alloys, austenitic stainless steel, and copper.