Exercises

Exercise 1. Comment on the phenomenon of synonymic dominant. In the following groups of synonyms find the synonymic dominant. Give your reasons for the choice.

1. Able, capable, clever, competent, fitted, powerful, qualified, skilful,

vigorous.

2. Bold, brave, chivalric, chivalrous, courageous, daring, dashing,

dauntless, fearless, gallant, heroic, manful, unafraid, undaunted, valiant,

venturesome.

3. Common, customary, frequent, habitual, ordinary, usual vulgar.

4. Dangerous, insecure, perilous, risky, threatening, treacherous.

5. Admirable, attractive, beautiful, delicate, elegant, excellent, exquisite,

fine, handsome, keen, nice, splendid.

6. Quake, quiver, shake, shiver, shudder, tremble, vibrate, waverr.

7. Add, broaden, enlarge, expand, extend, increase, heighten, lengthen,

sprad, widen.

8. Accept, admit, agree, approve, consent.

9. Affirm, approve, assure, conform, establish, prove, ratify, sanction, settle,

support, uphold.

10. Achieve, acquire, attain, earn, gain, get, obtain, procure, receive, win.

11. Cheer, cheerfulness, festivity, fun, gaiety, glee, joy, joyfulness,

liveliness, merriment.

12. Effort, employment, labour, toil, undertaking, work.

13. Dividend, division, part, portion, quantity, share.

14. Description, diorama, illustration, image, landscape, painting, panorama,

picture, portrait, representation, scene, scenery, view.

15. Blow, crash, impact, shock, stroke.

Exercise 2. Make a distinction between a synonymic dominant and a general term. State whether the italicised word is a synonymic dominant or the general term.

1. Victory, triumph, conquest.

2. Complain, grumble, mutter.

3. Sound, clatter, creak, clang, patter.

4. Smell, fragrance, scent, perfume, odour.

5. Colour, olive, pink, brown, red.

6. Red, scarlet, crimson, cherry, purple.

7. Footwear, shoes, rubbers, slippers.

8. Dog, fox-terrier, hound, borzoi, collie.

9. Courage, bravery, gallantly, valour, fortitude.

10. Take, accept, pocket, seize, capture, grab.

Exercise 3. Give synonyms of Germanic origin to the following words.

Beverage, cease, educate, enemy, envisage, error, faith, inquire, reply, vital, vocation.

Exercise 4. Give synonyms of Romanic origin.

Book, comer, deem, end, freedom, friendship, happiness, home, holy, king, speech, thoughtful, wood.

Exercise 5. Give synonyms of Scandinavian origin.

Elevate, heaven, mate, present, sick, shine, throw, uneven, weep.

Exercise 6. Arrange the following ideographic synonyms according to the degree of intensity.

1. Ask, beg, implore.

2. Desire, long, wish.

3. Decay, fade, wither.

4. Beautiful, handsome, lovely, pretty.

5. Annoy, irritate, vex.

6. Alarmed, frightened, terrified.

7. Delight, happiness, pleasure.

8. Affliction, despair, sadness.

9. Astonishment, consternation, surprise.

10. Excuse, forgive, pardon.

11. Accident, disaster, misfortune.

12. Capability, genius, talent.

Exercise 7. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following synonymic groups and analyze them.

ask; implore; beg longing; desire; wish

alarmed; frightened; terrified

happiness; pleasure; delight

affliction; despair; sadness

accident; disaster; misfortune

malicious; naughty; nasty; wicked

genius; capability; talent

policeman; bobby; cop

master; owner; head; proprietor; possessor

mansion; house; habitation; residence; abode

worker; labourer; toiler; hand

fabricate; construct; frame; invent; forge; manufacture; feign

cheat; swindle; blackleg

Exercise 8. Give the English equivalents to the following synonymic groups and analyze them.

говорити, мовити, балакати

клопотатися, просити, канючити

будинок, котедж, хижа

споживати, наминати, їсти, живитися, жерти

відступати, тікати, драпати

просуватися, іти, пертися

прекрасний, класний, гарний

присвоїти, поцупити, вкрасти

гроші, бабки, кошти

хлопець, юнак, пацан

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

To say, to tell, to speak, to talk.

1. "Well, good-bye, Mr. Kipps," she.... He shook her hand and... "Good-bye." (Wl.) 2. "I bought you a ring today," he..., bending the book and...ing for the sake of..ing something. (WL) 3. I could... nothing in reply. (D.) 4. And now... me who is the lady about whom he is...ing. (Ch. B.) 5.1... her all the story about my sad childhood. (Ch.B.) 6. "You... French well," Lady Grizel..., who so herself... the tongue in an Edinburg accent. (Th.) 7. They returned to the room where the company was...ing loudly. (D.).

To wear, lo carry, to bear

1. A very handsome man of fifty,...ing a rather dandified curly-brimmed hat, and...ing an elaborate walking stick, comes into the room. (Sh.) 2. "Would you mind to... this sack of flour for me to market?" (Mr.) 3. This bearded man also... moustache. (G.) 4. I can't... this scent. (G.) 5.1 really cannot... the whole burden of our family affairs any longer. 6. Please, Sir, can you tell me which gentleman of your party... a bright blue dress-coat? (D.)

Bad, ill, wicked, evil

1. Working on a newspaper one does not leam the way to break... news. (Cr.) 2. Nessie fiddled with her tea-spoon, dropped it, then blushed shamefully as though discovered in a... act. (Cr.) 3. It is not a... plan.(J.KJ) 4. He could see the little... eyes. (H.) 5. A pretty face may cover a... heart. (Cr.) 6. I know how cruel and... my temper can be. (Cr.) 7. I thought it was... news you were going to tell me. (Cr.)

High, tall, lofty

I. He looked ahead at the... grass with the flat-topped trees behind. (H.) 20. "Women upset," said Wilson to the... man. (M.) 3. Oh, one's mode of life might be... and scrupu­lous. (G.) 4. The captain was a... man of about forty. (M.) 5. Her drawing room has three windows looking on the river, and the ceiling is not so... as it would be in an older house of the same pretension. (Sh.) 6. She said in a very... way, "Do you mind following me into the drawing room?" (M.) 7. He wore a... hat. (Dr.) 8. The... polish of his boots shone even in the dimness of the tent. (Hm.)

Firm, hard, solid

1. His sister, who was a..., rather practical person, used to complain that there were too many scents at Manderley. (Mr.) 2. The stones were... and... under my feet. (Mr.) 3. She looked very... and grim. (Mr.) 4. It was... to give in while I still had some fight in me. (Mg.) 5. He uttered a... laugh. (G.) 6. These orders that are coming now are turned into... busi­ness. (Pr.) 7. He felt triumphant, proud,... and successful man among a lot of failures. (Pr.) 8. "Well," she said, her voice dry and..., not the voice she would have used to him. (Mr.)

Rough, harsh, uneven, rugged

1. He wore... clothes that smacked of the sea. (Ln.) 2. Her greyish blouse was worn and old, her shoes were split, her little hands... and red, her neck browned. (G.) 3. A... surface of sand was blowing and settling on the maps though there was no wind. (Aldr.) 4. They were in the car again, Macomber and Wilson hanging on the sides and rocketing swayingly over the... ground. (H.) 5. His voice was..., not his voice at all. (Mr.) 6. It's kind of you to bother, Evie. I've had a rather... passage, but

at all events I know where I am now. (Mg.) 7. It was along,... struggle. (Cr.) 8. He took her hands, small, ... brown. (G.) 9. The mountainous road was.... (Mr.).

Blank, empty, vacant

1. Her seat beneath the birch tree was..., though the day was pleasant and the sun was high. (Sc.) 2. There was only a bare yard to be seen, and the... side of the brick house. (Hn.) 3. Their rooms were... and lonesome. (D.) 4. The coach was... of passengers by this time. (Mg.)

Exercise 10. Give words homophonous with the following.

fare, flour, hair, heel, here, eye, night, peace, reign, pear, plain, right, soul, sum, sun, week.

Exercise 11. Choose appropriate homophones.

1. My (sole, soul) is dark. 2. Honey is (sweet, suite). 3. Don't (sale, sail) the (bear's, bears) skin before you have (court, caught) it. 4. After (reign, rain) comes fine (whether, weather). 5. (No, know) living man all things can. 6. Make hay while the (sun, son) shines. 7. (To, two) heads are better than (one, won). 8. Out of (site, sight) out of mind. 9. (Too, two) many cooks spoil the broth. 10. (New, knew) wine in old bottles. 11. One can (here, hear) the grass grow. 12. One's (hart, heart) goes into (once, one's) boots. 13. Like (father, farther) like (sun, son). 14. It never (reigns, rains) but it (paws, pours).

Exercise 12. a) Find the homographs to the following words and transcribe both, b) Give the Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to these homographs.

Bass, bow, buffet, celt, close, compact, desert, house, housewife, invalid, minute, object, polish, row, slough, tear, wind.

Exercise 13. a) Find the homophones to the following words, b) Give the Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to these homophones.

Air, birth, coarse, core, cite, dessert, fare, fir, flower, hare, heal, key, knight, meat, oar, pair, paw, piece, pole, rain, right, sail, sea, sell, sole, son, sow, suite, whether, whole.

Exercise 14. a) Define the meanings of the following paronyms, b) Use them in constructing sentences of your own.

anterior - interior;	draught - draughts - drought;
canal - channel;	physics -physique;
career - carrier;	popular - populous;
cause - course;	preposition - proposition;
complement -compliment;	prescription -proscription;
conscience - consciousness;	price - prize;
	wander - wonder.

Exercise 15. Comment on the phenomenon of paronymy. Make distinctions between the following paronyms.

bear - beer;	law -	low;
bare - beer;	lawyer - lower;
canal - channel;	major	- mayor;
career-carrier;	moda	- model;
cause - course;	Paul -	poll;
collar - colour;	pair -	pier;
company - campaign;	pear -pier;
conscience - conscious;	personal - personnel;
contents — context —	petrol	- patrol;
contest;	pour-	poor;
courage - carnage;	price -	- prize;
corps - corpse;	quay -	- queue;
cost - coast;	quiet -	- quite;
crash - crush;	raise -	- rise;
dairy - diary;	seize -	- cease;
draught - draughts;	sell -	sail;
draught drought;	skirt -	- shirt;
hare - heir;	sergeant - surgeon;
hair - hear;	soil -	soul;
human - humane;	suit -	suite;
lay - lie;	very -	vary.

Exercise 16. Fill in the blanks with appropriate paronyms.

Campaign, company

1. The election... in England lasts about a month. 2. It was Napoleon's last.... 3. Misery loves.... 4. Don't talk about your diseases.in....

Canal, channel

1. The Great Lakes are connected with.... 2. The English... washes Great Britain in the south. 3. This film is devoted to the builders of the Suez.... 4. The North... separates Scotland from Ireland.

Cause, course

1. Let tilings take their.... 2. All of them are devoted to their common.... 3. In the... of time he will realise everything. 4. There is no... to worry.

Context, contents, contest

1. I don’t remember the … of the letter. 2. The … can I change the meaning of the word. 3. Who won this … ? 4. I have never come across the word in this … . 5. Look it up in the table of … . 6. Have you tested the … of this bottle?

Exercise 17. Comment on the phenomenon of antonymy. Give derivational antonyms to the following words.

Equal, fortunate, grateful, gratitude, just, justice, like (adv), lively, movable, moved, radical, rational, regular, related, relative, reproachful, reserved, restored, rhymed, ripe, safe, salted, satisfactory, selfish, systematic, symmetrical, timely, true, worthy.

Exercise 18. Give antonyms to the following words. Arrange them into three columns:

a) derivational antonyms

(careful - careless: active - inactive);