8. A large amount or number.

9. The father or mother of a person or animal.

10. A journey, experience, etc., that is strange and exciting

and often dangerous.

11. A way.

12. A special ability to do something well, especially as

gained by learning and practice.

13. A boy or girl in the period between being a child and

being an adult.

3. A) Form adjectives using -al, -y, -ous, -ful, -ic, -ive, -ed

identity - skill -

wealth - enthusiasm -

danger - expand -

adventure - intellect -

B) Think of the nouns that can possibly be described by these adjectives.

4. Read the following adjectives and give their equivalents in Russian.

elementary middle late

early competent incompetent

productive unproductive vocational

5. Match the adjectives given above to the nouns from Ex. 1. Make as many phrases as possible.

6. Read the following verbs and give their equivalents in Russian.

to occur to coerce to achieve

to reign to accomplish to arrive at

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to explore to be confronted to push on

to define

7. Match the verbs given above to the phrases from Ex. 4.

8. Read the following adverbs and find the verbs which are characterized by them.

adequately firmly

mildly approximately

READING

1. Read the text and mark the following sentences t (true) or f (false).

1. A child is more enthusiastic about learning during toddlerhood.

2. Elementary school can cause a sense of inferiority.

3. Teachers are responsible for children's development of industry.

4. The main features of adolescent years are industry versus inferiority.

5. Parents shouldn't allow adolescents to explore different roles.

6. A positive identity is achieved if the adolescent explores different roles in a healthy manner.

7. Identity confusion is caused by the failure to define a positive future path.

TEXT 3 Industry versus inferiority is Erikson's fourth developmental stage, occurring approximately in the elementary school years. Children's initiative brings them in contact with a wealth of new experiences. As they move into middle and late childhood, they direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. At no other time is the child more

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enthusiastic about learning than at the end of early childhood's period of expansive imagination. The danger in the elementary school years is the development of a sense of inferiority of feeling incompetent and unproductive. Erikson believes that teachers have a special responsibility for children's development of industry. Teachers should "mildly but firmly coerce children into the adventure of finding out that one can learn to accomplish things which one would never have thought of by oneself" (Erikson, 1968, p. 127).

Identity versus identity confusion is Erikson's fifth developmental stage, which individuals experience during the adolescent years. At this time individuals are faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. Adolescents are confronted with many new roles and adult statuses - vocational and romantic, for example. Parents need to allow adolescents to explore many different roles and different paths within a particular role. If the adolescent explores such roles in a healthy manner and arrives at a positive path to follow in life, then a positive identity will be achieved. If an identity is pushed on the adolescent by parents, if the adolescent does not adequately explore many roles, and if a positive future path is not defined, then identity confusion reigns.

FOLLOW UP

Discuss the following issues.

1. What negative feeling can elementary school face and why?

2. What is the role of a teacher in children's development of industry?

3. How can parents help adolescents achieve a positive identity?

UNIT 4 LEAD-IN