16. Explain the following statements:

1) Errors also call into question the credibility of the entire message.

2) It will save you embarrassment later.

3) ...such mistakes are the mark of a careless writer.

4) Avoid gender bias by using non-gender-related words.

5) However, critics charge that a flood of euphemisms can cause a loss of clarity and may result in a kind of political censorship that is not healthy for freedom of expression.

17. Comment on the following statements

Do you agree with them?

1) People can digest a few figures but not a mass of statistics.

2) In today's world of diversity at all levels of national life, there is increased sensitivity about which words are used to describe minorities and other groups

of people

18. Speak on the sectors Bias and Politically Incorrect Language analysing the given examples.

Can you give similar examples in Russian?

19.Give a summary of the unit.

UNIT PART II

ONE

A.

The basic purpose of public relations writing is to persuade. The objective is to create favorable public opinion about an organization - its policies and actions, its goods or services. The objective is to influence people. To be an effective public rela­tions writer, you must understand public opinion, why people have opinions, and how to affect those opinions.

Public Opinion

Public opinion is not just mass opinion. It is the sum of individuals' opinions on a subject that affects them. For example, the stockholders of a factory (a public) may favor moving to another location, while the employees (a public) may vigorously op­pose the idea. Meanwhile, the general public may be unaware of the controversy or aware but indifferent. The reason for the varying opinions is the variance in attitudes.

Attitudes and Opinions

An opinion is an expression of attitude. It may be expressed by writing, by speak­ing, by acting, or by not acting. People who fail to express their opinions may do so because their attitudes are weak or because they don't believe that expressing them­selves will do any good.

An attitude is a predisposition to think, speak, or act in a given way about a specific subject. No one is born with an attitude — all attitudes are learned. Some attitudes are deeply rooted; when tied into other attitudes, beliefs, and values, they may be very hard to change.

In the case of the proposed factory move, the opinion of the stockholders is prob­ably based on an attitude concerned with costs and profits. The opinion of the employees is probably based on a concern for their jobs or the inconvenience of moving to a new environment.

In public relations writing, it is necessary to think about the attitudes of the partic­ular public you are trying to influence. You must also know how public opinion is built.

□ Words and word-combinations

1. to persuade — убеждать

2. to create public opinion — создавать общественное мнение

3. to affect public opinion — воздействовать на общественное мнение

4. to be (un)aware of smth — (не)осознавать что-то

5. deeply rooted — глубоко укоренившийся

B.

Building Public Opinion

Public opinion doesn't really exist until something affects a number of people who have similar or identical attitudes. The people must be aware of the issue or they will not have any opinion about it. Usually the awareness results from some event. When something happens or is likely to happen, the people become concerned — if they know about it. People have to express their opinions to others with similar attitudes. Someone must call for action, and the action must be possible. People are much more certain about what they want than they are about how to get it. Public opinion isn't evident unless it can expect to get results.

To communicate is to make known — to project ideas into the minds of others. This process depends on four elements: a sender, a message, a medium, and a receiver. If all these elements are operating, there will be communication. If any one fails, there will be no communication. Since your purpose is to persuade, you want to communi­cate your ideas to a particular group of people — those who can help or hinder your organization in attaining its objectives. In describing the process of communication, it is normal to list the elements as sender, message, medium, and receiver, but it may be better to think of the process in reverse order: whom to reach, how to reach them, what to say, and on whose behalf.

Receiver

This is the target audience, the people you must reach. You must learn about the characteristics and attitudes of your projected receivers if you are to communicate effectively and persuasively. Such factors as educational level, economic status, occupa­tion, place of residence, religious affiliation, national origin, social class, and political affiliation affect how a target audience receives and perceives your message.

As business becomes more global, there is also a growing need to understand the attitudes, customs, and cultures of people in other nations. Faulty translations of pub­licity materials can cause a number of gaffes if one does not understand the language and culture of a nation.

Your responsibility is to research your audience. Reference books, surveys and polls, online databases and personally talking to members of the target audience are good approaches. Armed with such knowledge, you can give information in such a way that the recipients will accept the message, absorb it, and eventually act on it.

□ Words and word-combinations

1. to call for action — призвать к действию

2. sender — отправитель

3. receiver — получатель

4. on smb's behalf — от чьего-либо имени

5. religious and political affiliation — религиозная и политическая принад­лежность

6. to perceive a message — воспринять сообщение

7. survey — обзор

8. poll — опрос общественного мнения

9. reference books — справочные издания

10. online database — база данных с непрерывным обновлением информа­ции

11. recipient — реципиент, получатель

12. to accept a message — принять информацию

13. to absorb a message — воспринять информацию

14. to act on a message — действовать согласно информации

15. a gaffe — оплошность

C.

Media

The media are the physical channels that carry the message to the receiver. They may include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, letters, speeches, audiovisuals, pictures, newsletters, leaflets, brochures, and the telephone, Every medium has advan­tages and disadvantages.

Your job is to determine which medium or combination of media will be most effective in reaching the target audience. Your budget may prohibit some because of cost. Others may be desirable but impossible (for example, a personal talk by the chief executive to a specific group that refuses to be the audience).

Your message must reach the audience with enough power and frequency to ma an impact. It often takes considerable repetition to plant an idea, and the greater the impact of any single communication, the more likely it is to be absorbed and remem­bered.

Sender

The sender is the organization from which the message comes. Every organization has different publics, divergent interests, dissimilar objectives, unique problems, distinc­tive beliefs, and its own peculiarities. As a writer, you must know and understand the organization so that the messages you prepare will be not only effective but also truly representative of the organization. In addition, you must be very sure that what you send out is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

Message

Planning the message starts with a determination of just what ideas you want your receivers to have: what you want them to think, to believe, to do. Then you must

acquire a solid knowledge of what your audience knows and believes. If you want to affect attitudes and opinions, you must find out about those that already exist. This calls for research — possibly surveys.

Your message must be applicable, believable, realistic, and convincing. It must be expressed clearly and understandably in familiar words and phrases. Above all, you must convince the receivers that the idea you are presenting can be beneficial to them.

□ Words and word-combinations

1. to make an impact — оказать воздействие

2. to plant an idea — внушить мысль

3. to acquire a solid knowledge — получить крепкие (глубокие) знания

4. beneficial — полезный, выгодный

EXERCISES