10. Explain the following statements:

1) Under no circumstances... should you reveal any aspect of a job performance record.

2) It also lets you and the company off the hook in terms of protecting the employee's privacy.

11. Develop the following statements:

1) Employees, as well as outsiders, have a right of privacy that can be violated through the careless release of personal information.

2) You must have written permission to use an individual's quotes and photographs for promotional or advertising purposes.

12. Comment on the following statements. Do you agree with them? Prove your point of view.

1) People are interested in people and most people are willing to have favorable things said about themselves.

2) In recent years there has been a great increase in sensitivity to invasion of privacy.

UNIT

THREE

A.

Regulations of Government agencies

Releasing false or misleading information can get you in trouble with government regulatory agencies. State agencies are empowered by law to enforce regulations about the distribution and content of financial and product information. They may issue cease-and-desist orders or injunctions. Fines can be levied, and adverse publicity can appear in the media. Also, people who feel that they have been injured or deceived can file lawsuits and collect damages.

False information can be either misrepresenting facts or misleading someone into believing something that is not quite true. Any information affecting the value of a security must be made known to the owners. This is done by filing certain annual and quarterly reports, highlights of which are often included in news releases.

In general, a company whose stock is publicly traded must immediately release the following kinds of news:

• Dividends or their deletion

• Annual or quarterly earnings

• Preliminary but audited interim earnings

• Stock splits

• Mergers

• Changes in top management

• Major product developments

• Major expansion plans

• Change of business purposes

• Defaults

• Dispositions of major assets

• Proxy materials

• Purchases of its own stock

In financial information, accuracy is imperative. Public relations firms have beer held responsible for releasing false and misleading information even though they were told by their clients that the supplied facts were correct. Anyone preparing or releasing financial news is responsible for making a reasonable effort to ascertain that the informs tion is accurate. You don't have to be an accountant, but you should know how to read a balance sheet and determine if the information presented is logical and reasonable.

□ Words and word-combinations

1. regulations —- инструкция, обязательные постановления, установленные правила

2. regulatory — правовой, административно-правовой

3. to enforce regulations — проводить постановления в жизнь, следить за выполнением

4. to issue cease-and-desist orders or injunctions — издавать приказы или по­становления суда о прекращении деятельности

5. to levy fines — взимать штрафы

6. adverse — лживый, противоречащий

8. to file annual and quarterly reports — представлять ежегодные и (еже) квар­тальные отчеты, доклады

9. deletion — уничтожение

10. audited — подлежащее проверке, ревизии

11. stock splits — раскол компаний

12. mergers — слияние, объединение компаний

13. default — невыполнение обязательств (денежных)

14. asset — имущество обанкротившейся фирмы

15. proxy — доверенность

16. accuracy — точность

17. balance sheet — финансовый баланс

B

Often a company is tempted to report only the good news and bury the bad news. Although this sounds like a good idea to executives interested in the image of the corporation, it is dangerous when it comes to financial news.

A company and its public relations firm may be held liable even if each individual release or other statement is literally true when examined separately.

In other words, companies should avoid the temptation to paint a rosy picture of financial stability if in fact there are problems that stockholders and potential investors need to know in order to make an informed judgment. For example, a company should not announce a new product that is still in the research stage and will not be available to the public for another year.

In advertising and publicity the areas where deception can occur are these:

• Unsubstantiated claims — statements that you cannot prove

• Ambiguous claims — statements that are confusing

• Fraudulent testimonials — statements that were never actually made.

• Puffery and exaggeration — stretching the truth

• Deceptive pricing — concealment of true cost

• Deceptive demonstrations — apparent proof that is not really proof

• Deceptive survey — for example, "independent" surveys that you have paid for.

• Unsound surveys — surveys that are not statistically valid

• Fraudulent contests — contests that were rigged in some way

• Deceptive illustrations — pictures that convey a false impression

• Nonexistent authority — for example, "Doctors recommend..."

• Unfair or misleading comparisons — inaccurate portrayals of superiority over other products.

In summary, a public relations firm and its writers have a responsibility to know all pertinent regulatory guidelines. A number of court cases have determined that you, as the writer, can be held liable for disseminating false and misleading information on behalf of a client. Be cautious about the information and documentation supplied to you by employers or clients.

□ Words and word-combinations

1. stockholder — акционер

2. available — доступный , имеющийся в наличии

3. deception — обман

4. unsubstantiated — неподтвержденный, нереальный

5. ambiguous — сомнительный, неясный

6. fraudulent testimonials — мошеннические свидетельства

7. puffery — дутая реклама

8. exaggeration — преувеличение

9. deceptive — обманчивый

10. unsound — ненадежный, необоснованный

11. valid — юр. действительный, имеющий силу

12. to convey an impression — передать впечатление

EXERCISES

1. Give English equivalents:

налагать штраф, ежегодные и ежеквартальные отчеты, избегать искуше­ния, фактически, акционеры, бухгалтер, произойти, от имени к.-л., пре­имущество над к.-л., настоящая стоимость, преувеличение.

Reproduce them in situations from the text.

2. Give Russian equivalents:

to be empowered by law, adverse, imperative, to be injured, a balance sheet,

literally, to be in a research stage, stock, to make a judgement, authority, to be

held responsible.

Use them in situations of your own.

3. Translate in writing

the first three paragraphs of the text.

4. Give synonyms:

to ascertain, to be cautious, fraudulent, unfair, apparent, unsound.

5. Give antonyms:

accurate , logical, reasonable, stability, ambiguous, valid.

6. Answer the questions:

1) What can happen if false or misleading information is released?

2) How can any information affecting the value of a security be made known the owners?

3) What information must be immediately released by any company whose stock is publicly traded?

4) Is accuracy imperative in financial information?

5) What are companies often tempted to do?

6) What should companies avoid?

7) What are the areas in advertising and publicity where deception can OCCUR?

8) What responsibility have a public relations firm and its writers?