A Diet of Worms and Butterflies

"Vermicelli" is a very fine kind of spaghetti. Rather like the word "spaghetti" "vermicelli" can be divided into three main elements: the ending -"i" is a marker of "plural" (in Italian "vermicelli" is a plural word, so Italians say that the "vermicelli are ready", etc.), "-ell" is a suffix which, like the "-ett-" of "spaghetti", is associated with "smallness" or "delicacy" (the "-ic" which precedes it is merely an 'empty' element linking "-ell" to "verm-"). This leaves "verm-", and those who unsuspectingly tuck into a plate of vermicelli might be more hesitant to do so if they realized that "verm-" is from the Italian word "verme", meaning "worm".

"Vermicelli", means, literally, "little worms", and is so-called because of the worm-like shape of the pasta. "Vermicelli" seems to have been a perfectly normal way of saying "little worms" in Italian for several centuries, and the first recorded instance of the word in the sense of foodstuff dates from the mid seventeenth century (nowadays, a more common modern Italian diminutive of "worm" is "vermiciattolo").

Resemblances in shape are behind a number of other pasta names: "lancette" are lance-shaped or spear-shaped and the word is made up of "lancia" "lance" + diminutive "-ett" + the feminine plural ending "-e"(by the way, the same word can mean "hands of a clock" in Italian). "Fusilli" are shaped like little spindles and the word comes from fuso "spindle" + diminutive suffix "-ill" (a southern Italian dialect variant of the "-ell" that appears in "vermicelli") + plural -"i". There is also farfalle, literally "butterflies", used to describe a butterfly-shaped pasta (the same resemblance in shape is behind the use, in Italian, of "farfalla" to mean a "bow-tie").

Few cuisines are as imaginative and based on such a wide variety of diminutive objects as Italian.

Глава 9topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation

7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components

Linguistics distinguishes between the notions of meaning, sense and semantics. The term semantics has three meanings: 1) contents, all information rendered by linguistic units; 2) the branch of linguistics dealing with contents or information rendered by linguistic units; 3) one of the fields of semiotics (the study of signs and sign using behaviour).

Meaning of linguistic units is usually described as their contents reflected in the respective dictionaries or grammar books. The notion of sense goes outside pure linguistics and has to do, first of all, with the context and situation of communication (the subject field of communication, aims of participants, their background knowledge, etc). Therefore sense of linguistic units comes to life in real speech as a result of relations established between meanings of linguistic units and communicative situations. And indeed, it is practically impossible to translate such words as, coach, challenge, benchmark, event, network, intervention, cohesion, outstanding, fantastic, powerless, admit, account, run, paxyнок, napтія, фракція, cправа until the word is placed in the context and until the act of predication (i.e. creation of a proposition) takes place. Therefore, interpreters render the sense of linguistic units, which is generated in each particular act of speech as a result of producing messages by the speakers.

Messages, both written and oral, have certain semantic structure, the main element of which is the proposition, i.e. a “picture” of the world, a “statement” about the world, which may be true or false, which is (normally) pronounced with a certain purpose, and which (normally) has the subject and the predicate (elements of the predicative group), e.g. “It is cold outside”; “Frosts are expected for tonight”; “Kyiv is the capital city of Ukraine”, etc.

However messages, to acquire sense and become “workable” acts of speech, must also contain the following components, which may be verbally expressed (explicit) or “hidden” (implicit):

■ the deictic component: orientation of the message with regard to the “person”, “space” and “time”: I warn you that it is probably cold outside;

■ the modal component: treating the proposition of the speaker as possible, impossible, desired, mandatory, unnecessary, likely, unlikely, doubtful etc.: I warn you that it is probably cold outside;

■ the evaluative component (оціночний кломпонент): positive or negative evaluation of the elements of the speaker’s proposition (or absence of such evaluation – “zero evaluation”): I warn you that it is cold (negative evaluation) outside, so, since you are unwell (negative evaluation), you'd rather wear your warm (positive evaluation) sweater,

■ the pragmatic component: indicator of the aim of pronouncing the utterance (communicative intent or intention) as it is viewed by the speaker: I warn (the act of warning) you that it is cold outside.

It is quite obvious that for interpretation to be successful it is not enough to translate only the “prepositional element” of the message but also to render all other components of its semantic structure, thus ensuring that it “makes sense” for the listener and produces desired (by the original speaker) effect upon him/her.